CATALOGUE 


WITH    FULL   DESCRIPTION 


AGRICULTURAL  &  HORTICULTURAL 

IMPLEMENTS, 


MAYHER  &  CO'S 

UNITED  STATES  AGRICULTURAL  WAREHOUSE 

AND  SEED  STORE, 
197  Water-street,  near  Fulton-st,  New  YorK, 

ELEVENTH    EDITION. 


NEW  YORK: 

BAKER      GODWIN    &     CO.,    PRINTERS 

CORNER  OF  NASSAU  AND  SPRUCE  STREETS, 

1854. 


NOTICE  TO  PURCHASERS. 

Orders  for  goods,  addressed  to  Mather  &  Co.,  post-paid,  ac 

companied  with  the  money,  or  a  draft,  or  acceptance,  on  some  responsi- 
ble house  in  this  city,  or  other  commercial  city  of  the  Union,  will  meet 
•with  the  promptest  attention. 

All  directions  should  be  written  out  fully,  clearly,  and  legibly,  to  pre- 
vent mistakes  and  avoid  delay. 

All  orders  for  goods  for  farm  or  plantation  use,  which  are  not  strictly 
in  om  line  of  business,  will  be  purchased  and  forwarded  at  the  most  rea- 
sonable rates. 

Insurances  effected  when  required. 


(2) 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


In  presenting  the  annexed  brief  Catalogue  to  the  public  the  proprietors 
beg  leave  to  offer  their  thanks  for  the  patronage  they  have  received  du- 
ring the  many  years  they  have  been  engaged  in  the  Agricultural  Imple- 
ment department,  and  trust  the  confidence  already  extended  will  remain 
unabated,  as  shall  their  endeavors  to  present  them  with  the  various  im- 
provements of  the  age,  for  the  promotion  of  the  Farmer's  interest. 

The  business  of  the  husbandman  is  now  considered  the  most  impor- 
tant and  dignified  of  all  employments  ;  and  in  order  to  obtain  its  perform- 
ance with  as  much  saving  of  expense  and  labor  as  possible,  not  only  to 
man  but  also  to  beast,  the  mechanic  has  taxed  his  ingenuity,  from  time 
to  time,  to  find  means  wherewith  to  meet  their  wishes.  We  find 
upon  reviewing  the  past  twenty  or  thirty  years,  that  the  old,  clumsy,  un- 
wieldy wooden  Ploughs  then  in  use,  which  required  the  united  eiiuit>  of 
four  or  five  yokes  of  oxen  and  two  or  three  men  to  turn  a  medium-sized 
furrow,  is  now  superseded  by  the  light-running  and  graceful  cast-iron 
Plough,  which  performs  the*  same  amount  of  labor  with  one  yoke  of 
oxen  and  one  man,  in  a  more  thorough  and  effectual  manner. 

The  proprietors,  for  a  long  while  sensible  of  the  wants  of  the  farming 
community  and  the  demand  for  such  Ploughs  as  would  save  a  great 
amount  of  time  and  labor,  turned  their  attention  principally  to  that  im- 
portant instrument,  and  from  year  to  year  have  presented  the  public  with 
the  fruits  of  their  labor,  in  the  various  models  of  the  Centre-Draught 
Eagle  Improved  Ploughs,  with  such  improvements  as  observation  and 
experience  in  the  field  would  suggest  to  the  mind. 

These  ploughs  have  been  extensively  used  far  and  near,  and  their  mer- 
its fully  attested  by  those  who  have  had  an  opportunity  of  examining 
them  while  in  operation.  So  admirably  have  they  performed  their  work 
as  often  to  call  forth  the  remark,  that  u  they  seemed  like  a  thing  of  life." 
The  universal  preference  which  they  have  everywhere  obtained  has 
induced  many  individuals  to  imitate  them,  or  parts  of  them — thus_  striv- 
ing to  reap  advantages  which  have  been  obtained  by  persevering  indus- 
try, and  the  trying  labor  of  many  years.  Yet  such  attempts  have  only 
proved  the  superiority  of  the  centre-draught  principle  over  all  others. 

Farmers,  Planters,  Gardeners,  and  Dealers,  will  find  the  largest  and 
most  complete  assortment  of  all  kinds  of  Agricultural  Implements  evei 
offered  for  sale  in  New  York,  at  the  United  States  Agricultural  Ware 
house,  197  Water-street.  Among  the  collection  may  be  found  upwards 
of  150  different  patterns  and  sizes  of  Ploughs,  adapted  to  all  the  various 


4  ADVERTISEMENT. 

kinds  of  soil  and  modes  of  culture,  together  with  the  celebrated  Eao-le 
Improved  Plough,  which  was  awarded  the  highest  Premium  (a  silver 
Pitcher)  by  the  American  Institute,  at  the  late  Ploughing  Match,  for  do- 
ing the  best  work  with  the  lightest  draught.  Field  and  Garden  Rollers, 
both  of  wood  and  cast-iron,  for  pulverizing  the  ground;  Cultivators  with 
steel  and  cast-iron  teeth  ;  Horse  Powers  made  both  of  wood  and  iron, 
very  strong,  and  of  a  superior  quality  ;  Threshing-machines,  for  thresh- 
ing wheat,  rice,  oats,  and  all  kinds  of  grain  ;  Corn  Mills,  which  can  be 
operated  by  hand,  or  any  other  kind  of  power,  and  which  will  grind  from 
three  to  five  bushels  of  good  fine  meal  per  hour  ;  Vegetable  Cutters,  for 
cutting  all  kinds  of  vegetables  for  cattle  ;  Grain  Cradles,  Scythes,  Har- 
rows, Wheelbarrows,  Ox  Carts,  Mule  Carts,  Wagons,  Ox  Yokes  and 
Bows,  Hay,  Straw,  Shuck  and  Stalk  Cuttere,  of  various  prices  and  pat- 
terns ;  Fanning  Mills  for  cleaning  all  kinds  of  grain,  seed  and  rice  ;  Cot- 
ton Gins,  of  the  most  improved  patterns;  Smut  Machines,  for  cleaning 
smut  from  wheat,  and  all  kinds  of  grain  ;  Rice  Hullers  ;  Corn  She.lers, 
both  for  hand  and  horse  power. 

Orders  for  Field  or  Garden  Seeds,  of  every  variety  ;  Winter  and 
Spring  Wheat,  Oats,  Rye,  Barley,  &c,  &c.  :  Fruit  and  Ornamental  Trees, 
and  Shrubs.  The  above  article  will  be  procured  from  the  best  collections 
in-the  country.  Bone  Dust,  Plaster  of  Paris,  Guano,  <fcc,  <fec.  ;  Well  and 
Cistern  Pumps,  of  all  descriptions.  In  a  word,  every  kind  of  Agricul- 
tural Implement,  necessary  either  for  the  field  or  garden,  may  be  found  at 

MAYHER  &  Co's 

United  States  Agricultural  Warehouse,  197  Water-st,  N.  Y. 


Les  Fermiers,  les  Planteurs,  les  Jardiniers,  los  Agriculteurs  de  tout 
genre,  et  les  commerçans  sont  avertis  qui'ls  trouveront  au  Magasin  Agri- 
culturel  des  Etats  Unis,  197  Water-street,  l'assortiment  le  plus  complet 
qui  ait  jamais  été  offert,  â  la  vente,  dans  la  ville  de  New  York,  en  toutes 
genres  d'instruments  aratoires.  Dans  cette  collection,  se  trouvent  plus  de 
150  différens  modèles  de  charrue,  adaptés  a  toutes  les  qualités  de  sol  et 
aux  divers  modes  de  culture  ;  y  compris  aussi  la  célèbre  charrue  nommée 
L'aigle,  charrue  perfectionnée  ;'  cette  charrue  ayant  remporté  la  premier 
prix,  (une  churche  d'argent)  â  la  dernière  lutte  de  laboureurs  que  a  eu 
lieu,  en  prisence  de  L'Institute  Américaine  ayant  été  trouvée  faire  le  miel- 
leur  travail  et  opérar  avec  le  moins  d'effort  des  cylindres  en  bois  ou  en 
fonte  pour  champs  ou  jardins,  propres  â  pulvériser  le  terroir — des  cultiva- 
teurs avec  dents  en  acier  ou  en  fer — des  machines,  puissances  de  cheval, 
en  bois  ou  en  fer  faites  d'une  manière,  solide  et  d'une  qualité  supérieure 
aussi  des  machines  â  battre  le  bled,  le  ris,  l'avoine  et  toutes  sortes  de 
grains  des  moulins  à  mais  que  puevent  se  mouvoir,  à  bras,  ou  par  toute 
autre  force  et  sont  capables  de  moudre  de  3  à  5  bosseaux  de  farine  fine 
par  heure,  des  instrumens  tranchans  montés  pour  hacker  toutes  sortes  de 
végétaux  pour  le  bétail  des  faucilles  à  grain,  des  faulx,  des  herses,  des 
brouettes,  des  chars  à  boeufs  ou  à  mules  des  chariots,  des  jougs  ou  accou- 
plemens  pour  boeufs,  des  couteaux  à  couper  le  foin,  la  paille,  les  envelop- 
pes et  cannes  de  maïs,  and  faits  sur  divers  patrons  et  de  différens  prix, 
des  moulins  â  vanner  pour  toutes  sortes  de  grains,  de  semences  et  pour 
le  ris  des  moulins  à  coton,  dans  les  model.es  les  plus  perfectionnés,  des 
machines  pour  extraire  la  saleté  et  les  impureté  du  bled  ou  de  tout  autre 
grain,  et  susceptibles  d'être  mises  en  œuvre  manualment  ou  par  force 
de  cheval. 

Seront  exécutés  promptement  toutes  commandes  donées  pour  sémen 
ces,  de  toutes  variétés.  Soit  pour  les  champs,  soit  pour  jardins — semen- 
ces du  bled,  pour  l'hiver  ou  pour  le  printems — semences  d'avoines  de  seigle, 
d'orge,  &c,  «fee. — aussi  pour  abres  à  fruit  ou  d'ornement,  pour  arbustes  et 
arbrisseaux. — Les  articles  mentionnés  ci-dessus  seront  choisis  parmi  les 
meilleures  collections  quil  peut  y  avoir  dans  le  pays.  La  poussière  d'os, 
le  plâtre  de  Paris,  le  Guano,  &c.  ;  les  pompes  pour  puits  ou  pour  citernes, 
et  en  tin  toutes  espèces  de  muebles  au  d'instruments  nécessaiaes  pour  la 
culture  soit  du  champ  ou  du  jardin  se  trouvent  chez. 

MAYHER  &  Co., 
United  States  Agricultural  Warehouse,  197  Water-st.,  N.  Y. 


3>cm  fyic$î#en  Qcutidyen  tyublitam, 

tnébefonberc  aber  ?anb(eutcn,  ©àrtnern  itnb  ^aufleuten  erlaubt 
Coi)  Untenctduictcr  bie  ergebene  21njetge  ju  madden,  bap  in  ib,rem 
lanbwirtbfcrtaftlicrten  ÜBaarenfyauö,  197  Water  Street,  fort* 
wäbrenb  ein  tfollftanbigeé  Slfîortiment  aller  jinn  3lcferbau  notb> 
gen  îoerf  jeuge  jum  Serfauf  fteben.  l^ic  Slitswabl  in  biefer  33e* 
jiebung  i)'t  fo  groß,  bap  über  150  üerfduebene  Pfluge  bem  refp. 
Käufer  uorgelegt  werben,  beren  praftifdic  21nwenbung  um  fo  we* 
niger  $u  bezweifeln  i\if  aie  it)uen  »on  amerifamfdjen  Snjrituten 
bie  böcbfte  Prämie,  ein  fiiberner  53ed)cr,  aie  älnerfennung  ihrer 
£auglidïfeit,  »erheben  würbe 

Slupcrbem  fïnb  $Sa($en  aller  Slrt  »on  £>ol$  unb  (Eifen,  £refd)* 
mafdnnen,  Äornmüblen,  (sdmeibemafdnnen,  <3ggen,  Scnfen, 
Darren,  tiefte,  Äornftebe,  SBtnbmühlen^lpparate,  baumwollen* 
mafefunen  in  jeber  beliebigen  $orm  unb  @röpe,  üorrätbig  ;  and) 
fuhren  wir  $c{&  unb  ©artenfaamen,  fowie  Cbftbäume  unb  eine 
Sïuèwabl  anberer  »erebelter  SSäume. 

3ugleidi  ffnb  wir  mit  ben  »orjüglichften  23ewàflferungéappara* 
ten,  fowie  mit  jeber  2(rt  £ung  aie  ©nano,  ^anfer  @ipd,  Äno* 
d)enfîaub  »erfehen,  unb  glauben  une  einem  lanbwirtfyfdjafttidjen 
spublifum  in  jeber  23ejiebung  empfehlen  $u  burfen. 

Söta^er  SS  <§*♦ 

197  Water  Street,  New  York. 


AGBICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 


PLOUGHS. 


This  most  important  implement  of  agriculture  has  been  greatly  improv- 
ed within  a  few  years  past.  The  substitution  of  cast-iron  in  their  con- 
struction for  the  materials  formerly  in  use  has  contributed  much  to  this 
improvement.  Besides,  the  best  shape  and  adaptation  to  their  wants,  as 
well  as  accommodation  to  friction  and  draught,  have  been  successfully  con- 
sidered by  our  ablest  mechanics  and  inventors.  The  results  of  their  la- 
bors are  to  be  found  at  the  United  States  Agricultural  Warehouse, 
in  more  than  fifty  different  kinds  of  ploughs — such  as  the  Subsoil,  the 
Root-breaker,  the  Sward,  the  Prairie,  the  Meadow,  the  Horizontal,  the 
Side-Hill,  the  Ditching,  Paring,  Trenching,  the  Double  Mould-board,  the 
Sugar-cane,  Rice,  Cotton,  Corn-stubble,  the  Self-sharpener  and  Center- 
draught  Ploughs,  &c.  These  are  of  different  sizes,  and  suitable  for  all 
kinds'  of  soil,  with  the  Scotch  or  old-fashioned  clevis,  or  crane  clevis,  that 
will  enable  them  to  run  close  by  the  side  of  a  fence,  and  numerous  other 
adaptations  that  do  not  require  to  be  detailed  here.  Prices  from  $2  to 
$20. 

In  adapting  these  ploughs  to  their  various  purposes,  (with  their  simpli- 
city of  construction,)  will  require  no  special  directions. 

The  implements  kept  in  the  U.  S.  Agricultural  Warehouse  embrace 
a  great  variety  of  Harrows,  Horse  Powers,  Threshing  Machines,  Corn 
Mills,  Corn-Stalk,  Straw  and  Hay  Cutters,  Ac,  for  a  description  of  some 
of  which  see  the  following  catalogue.  These  implements  are  mostly 
made  up  from  new  and  highly-improved  patterns,  warranted  to  be  of  the 
best  materials,  put  together  in  the  strongest  manner,  and  of  a  very  su- 
perior finish. 

Castings,  Skeleton  Ploughs,  Harrow  Teeth,  and  Iron  Work  of  all  kinds 
done  to  order  in  the  cheapest  and  best  manner. 

Wire  Cloth  and  Sieves  of  different  kinds  and  sizes  kept  constantly  on 
hand. 

We  have  of  Agricultural  Implements  the  largest  and  most  complete 
assortment  to  be  found  in  the  United  States,  and  respectfully  invite  the 
public  to  call  and  judge  for  themselves.  To  give  some  idea  of  their  es- 
tablishment, and  to  save  replies  to  numerou,  questions,  they  issue  this 
catalogue,  which  will  be  distributed  gratis  wherever  wanted.  Appli- 
cations to  be  made  uost  free. 


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AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Amono-  other  implements  we  should  not  omit  to  notice  our  own, 
Mayher  &  Co's)  Center-Draught  Plough,  Eagle  D,  which  received  tne 
Premium  at  the  Fair  of  the  American  Institute,  October  14,  1847  and 
1848;  and  for  the  good  execution  of  its  work,  the  diminished  power 
required,  and  the  abatement  of  friction  it  is  unsurpassed  by  any  plough 
in  the  market. 


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Fig.  1  represents  Eagle  Ploughs  C,  D,  or  F,  with  wrought  coulter, 
laid  wiih  steel — also  a  wheel — which  plough  is  well  adapted  to  green  * 
sward  ploughing. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULfURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2  represents  the  Eagle  Plough  0,  D,  or  F,  with  Fin-Cutter 
Share,  without  Coulter  through  the  beam,  which  is  well  adapted  for  stub- 
ble ground,  or  Southern  ground  ploughing. 


Fig. 


Fig.  3  represents  the  Eagle  Plough  D,  F,  and  C,  L,  with  Lock- 
Coulter,  which  is  made  of  wrought  iron  laid  with  steel,  and  fastened  to 
the  share,  which  makes  it  very  strong  and  durable.  It  also  represents 
the  Draught-Rod  which  strengthens  the  beam,  and  gives  the  plough  great 
strength,  Ind  makes  it  just  the  thing  to  be  used  among  roots,  rocks,  or 
for  ploughing  newly-cieared  land,  as  the  Coulter  cannot  be  forced  from 
its  position  on  the  share.  We  have  Cutter-shares  to  fit  the  Eagle  A  and 
B  plough  ;  also  can  put  in  the  wrought  coulter  if  desired. 


Fig.  3. 

MAYHER  &  Co's  LIGHTEST-DRAUGHT  PREMIUM 
PLOUGHS 

Are  constructed  at  their  own  manufactory,  to  a  uniform  set  of  patterns, 
by  machinery,  so  that  uniform  dimensions  and  finish  are  insured  to  all  the 
ploughs  of  the  same  size  or  class. 


10  AGRICULTURAL  AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 

The  best  of  white-oak  timber  is  used  in  these  ploughs,  and  the  iron  is 
poli-h<  d — point,  Ian dside,  and  mould- board — to  prevent  friction,  and  cov- 
ered with  blue  varnish,  to  protect  them  from  rust.  Being  thus  finished 
the  most  adhesive  soil  will  not  stick  to  them,  or  increase  the  power  re- 
quired to  draw  them. 

The  iron  used  in  their  construction  is  composed  of  a  mixture  of  several 
sorts,  calculated  to  combine  in  the  composition  strength,  or  tenacity,  and 
hardness,  and  to  render  the  point  and  wing  of  the  share  and  base  of  the 
landside  fitted  for  the  chilling  process,  to  which  they  are  subjected  with- 
out injuring  their  strength.  Those  parts  being  subjected  to  the  chief 
wear  are  made,  by  this  process  of  hardening,  to  last  six  times  as  long  as 
the  common  iron  plough. 

Center-draught  Plough, — Eagle  A. — Among  the  different  sizes 
of  these  celebrated  pluughs  we  have  the  Center-draught — Eagle  A.  It 
requires  one  horse  to  draw  it.     This  is  the  smallest  size. 

Eagle  B. — Is  also  a  one-horse  plough — large  size. 

Eagle  C — has^  wheel  and  coulter,  (see  Fig.  1,)  whose  use  and  ad- 
vantages will  be  readily  appreciated.  This  plough  is  drawn  by  a  pair  of 
horses,  or  oxen  ;  is  of  medium  size,  fitted  for  the  ploughing  of  sod  or 
stubble-lands.  To  turn  a  furrow  with  it  six  inches  deep  and  eleven  inch- 
es wide  generally  requires  the  strength  of  two  mules.  The  furrow  it 
cuts  is  some  seven  or  ten  inches  in  depth,  and  ten  to  twelve  inches  wide. 

Eagle  0, — with  Fin-Cutter. — See  Fig.  2. — In  other  respects  it 
serves  the  same  purposes  as  Eagle  C,  with  coulter. 

Eagle  D, — with  Coulter  and  Wheel. — See  Figs.  1,  and  2. — This 
is  one  size  larger  than  Eagle  C,  and  of  the  same  construction.  It  cuts  a 
a  furrow  of  any  required  depth  from  six  to  eight  inches,  and  from  twelve 
inches  to  fourteen  inches  wide.  It  is  used  in  ploughing  sod  or  stubble 
lands.     For  two  horses,  or  one  yoke  of  oxen. 

Eagle  F, — with  Wheel,  Coulter,  and  Draught-Rod. — See  Fig.  3. 
It  is  well  adapted  to  trench-ploughing,  and  for  breaking  up  rough  ground. 
Almost  any  growth  of  grass,  stubble,  or  weeds,  may  be  readily  covered 
with  it.  It  will  cut  a  furrow  to  the  depth  of  twelve  inches,  if  required, 
and  even  deeper,  and  from  fourteen  to  sixteen  inches  in  width.  The 
power  required  is  three  horses. 

Eagle  C,  L. — This  plough  is  used  for  reclaiming  meadows,  and  is  an 
excellent  plough  for  the  wet  lands  on  the  Mississippi,  and  for  the  Western 
prairies.  It  is  of  strong  construction,  and  will  bear  the  draught  of  four 
stout  horses.  It  has  a  strong  lock-coulter,  (as  seen  in  Fig.  3,)  and  when 
required,  it  has  a  sharp  steel-edged  share  or  point,  and  a  drag-coulter,  or 
reversed  cutter,  to  facilitate  the  complete  turning  over  of  the  surface  of 
meadows,  when  drained  by  ditching.     Its  crane-clevis,  and  the  newly  in- 


AGRICULTURAL    AKD    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS.  11 

vented  draught-rod,  enables  the  plough  to  follow  the  course  of  its  furrow, 
while  the  team  travels  wholly  on  the  unbroken  land;  thus  obviating  one 
great  objection  to  the  ploughing  of  meadows — the  wading  of  the  oft 
horse,  or  ox,  through  mud  or  water.  Without  the  fixtures  for  meadow- 
ploughing,  and  with  the  original  point,  it  is  a  good  upland  plough;  and 
rugged  soils  from  its  great  strength,  may  be  ploughed  without  wear  or 
damage  to  the  plough. 

We  have  also — 

The  Eagle  Self- sharpener,  No.  1. — A  light  plough,  for  one 
horse.  . 

Eagle  Self- sharpener,  No.  1\. — A  medium  one-horse  plough. — 

Eagle  Self- sharpener,  No.  5. — For  sod  or  stubble  land — a  medi- 
um-sized two-horse  plough. 

Eagle  Self- sharpener,  No.  5£. — A  two-horse  plough  of  large  size. 
Eagle  Self- sharpener,  No.  6. — A  breaking-up  plough,  of  strong 

construction,  for  hreakiug  up  deep,  stiff  clay,  and  strong  soil. 

The  Eagle  Self-sharpener, — Left-hand  Plough  :  for  turning  the 
furrow  to  the  left  hand,  instead  of  the  right.  All  the  different  fixtures  of 
the  above  may  be  attached  to  these  ploughs  as  well  as  to  the  right-hand 
ploughs.  These  are  used  in  various  parts  of  the  West.  Those  farmers 
who  plough  with  three  horses  abreast  will  rind  the  Draught-rod  a  great 
convenience,  as  the  plough  can  readily  be  adapted  to  be  drawn  by  two 
or  three  horses. 

Left-hand  Plough,  No.  54. — Requires  the  power  of  two  strong 
horses. 

Left-hand  Plough,  No.  55. — Still  heavier  and  larger,  and  requires 
three  horses. 

We  have,  also.  Ploughs  especially  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  Cot- 
T0N,  Corn  and  Rice,  which  we  designate — 

Plough  No.  14. — Which  turns  a  wide  furrow  in  a  sandy  or  light 
soil.  The  mould-boar  1  is  more  curved  than  in  other  ploughs,  and  pul 
verizes  the  soil  remarkably  well. 

Plough  15. — Same  as  above,  for  one  horse  or  mule:  but  one  size 
larger. 

Plough  A  1. — A  light  plough,  for  one  horse  or  mule;  fitted  for  loa- 
my or  clayey  soil,  well  adapted  to  furrowing  or  drilling,  or  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  cotton,  or  corn. 


12  AGRICULTURAL    aXD    HORTICULTL RAL    IMPLEMENTS. 

Plough  A  2. — The  same  as  above,  but  one  size  larger. 

Plough    2  B. — Same   as  last,  but  two  sizes  larger,  for  two  horses. 

Davis'  6  inch  Plough, — Light  one-horse  or  mule  plough,  especially 
designed  for  the  South. 

Davis'  7  inch  Plough. — Same  construction  nearly,  but  one  size 
larger. 

Davis'  9  inch  Plough. — A  good  stout  two-horse  plough — very 
strong. 

The  Rice -Trenching  Plough— will  be  sufficiently  understood  from 
its  name.  It  is  a  great  labor-saving  implement  in  the  rice  culture.  It 
may  be  used  for  drilling  in  planting  of  corn  and  cotton,  and  root  crops. 

Double  Mould-Board  Plough,  No.  1.— See  Figs.  5  and  c— This 

plough  is  used  fur  ridging-out  land,  and  serves  a  very  good  purpose  for 
ploughing  among  corn,  potatoes,  etc.,  while  it  throws  the  dirt  both  ways. 
It  serves  the  purpose  of  double  ploughing,  and  is  much  better  where  the 
rows  are  near  together,  and  saves  half  the  labor.  Other  uses  to  which  it 
may  be  applied  on  a  farm  will  naturally  suggest  themselves. 

Fig.  5. — Side  View. 


Fig.  6. — Top  View. 

Double  Mould-Board,  No.  2. — Is  the  same  as  the  above  in  form 
and  construction,  bat  one  size  larger,  and  has  also  an  extra  point  of  greater 
width,  for  digging  potatoes.  It  is  used  in  planting  corn,  and  digging 
shallow  ditches. 

Bat,  for  planting  Suoab  Cane,  we  have  Midland,  or  Double  Ex- 
panding Mould-Board  Plough,  made  ex]  resslj  for  Sugar  Planters. 
Its  furrow  is  ten  or  twenty  inches  wide,  and  five  to  ten  inches  in  depth 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


13 


We  have  also  The  Paring  Plough. — See  Fig.  7. — This  is  used  in 
preparing  turf  for  burning,  by  paring  it  from  the  surface  of  the  land 
where  it  grows.  It  has  a  thin  flat  share  of  wrought  iron  or  steel,  with  a 
lock-coulter  forward,  and  two  stout  coulters  on  the  winga,  thus  cutting 
the  furrows  into  two  strips,  as  it  moves  along.  The  turf  thus  pared  off 
is  cut  into  pieces  with  sharp  spades,  by  hands  following  the  plough,  and 
when  these  strips  are  dried  in  the  stocks  where  they  are  thrown  together, 
they  are  burned,  and  the  ashes  are  thrown  broad-cast  over  the  land. 
Light  sandy  soils  should  not  be  burned. 


Swivel  Or  Side-Hill  Ploughs. — See  Fig.  8.— The  mould-board  and 
share  of  these  Ploughs  are  so  constructed  a>  to  1»-  turned  from  one  side 
of  the  beam  to  the  other,  by  unlocking  the  clasp  of  the  mould-board,  (as 
seen  in  the  cut,)  attached  to  the  center-piece  of  the  handles,  and  lifting 
the  beam  by  the  handles,  while  the  share  and  mould-board  roll  under  it 
on  a  sort  of  swivel-hinge,  till  the  beam  and  handles  settle  down  on  the 
other  side,  and  the  share  and  mould-board  are  fastened  by  the  hook,  in 
their  proper  places.  This  changing  the  plough,  from  right  hand  to  left, 
is  effected  in  a  minute,  while  the  team  is  turning  to  commence  a  new 
furrow. 


Fig.  8. 

These  ploughs  are  convenient,  as  well  as  possessing  peculiar  advantages. 
In  ploughing  a  side  hill  the  furrows  are  turned  downwards,  by  commen- 
cing at  the  lower  margin,  and  ploughing  on  the  same  side,  till  the  field 
is  gone  over,  leaving  the  field  with  a  uniform  surface  without  the  center 
or  bank  furrows  which  it  presents  when  ploughed  in  the  ordinary  method. 


14  AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 

In  building  roads  they  are  very  useful,  as  where  dirt  can  be  ploughed  but 
from  one  side  it  can  always  be  turned  towards  the  road,  whMe  the  team 
is  passing  either  way. 

Among  the  varieties  of  this  plough  we  have  The  Eagle,  No.  0,  to 
No.  4. 

Eagle  No.  0. — Side-Hill — Isa  light  one-horse  or  mule  plough. 

Eagle  No.  1. — Side-Hill. — A  sod  or  stubble  plough,  requiring  two 
horses,  or  mules  for  its  draugh* 

Eagle  No.  2. — Side-Hill. — Is  a  large  plough  for  two  horses,  and 
is  sometimes  used  with  three  or  four,  as  the  nature  of  the  soil  may 
require. 

Eagle  No.  3. — Side-Hill. — Suitable  for  heavy  road  or  farm  work. 
It  is  made  sufficiently  strong  to  bear  the  draught  of  four  or  six  horses. 

Eagle  No.  4. — Side-Hill. — For  the  roughest  kind  of  work  on  farm 
or  roads,  of  the  strongest  construction. 

SUB-SOIL  PLOUGHS. 


Fig.  9. 

The  advantages  of  sub-soil  ploughing  are  so  extensively  investigated  in 
different  Agricultural  Works  that  they  scarcely  require  to  be  stated  here. 
The  plough  fojlows  in  the  furrow  of  the  surface  plough,  stirring  the  dirt  to  a 
considerable  depth,  leaving  a  light  bed  instead  of  a  hard  bottom,  on  which, 
the  succeeding  furrow  is  turned.  Thus,  when  the  ploughing  of  the  field 
is  completed,  there  is  a  depth  of  several  inches  of  pulverised  soil  below 
the  ordinary  surface-ploughing.  This  facilitates  the  extending  of  the 
roots  of  the  plants  to  a  greater  depth,  and  gives  them  sources  of  moist- 
ure against  extreme  drought. 

These  ploughs  are  already  extensively  used  by  our  Farmers,  and  the 
demand  far  them  is  constantly  increasing. 

Eagle  E,  No.  0, — Sub-Soil. — Is  a  one-horse  plough,  or  at  the  South 
is  used  with  two  mules.  Its  sub-soil  furrow  is  from  four  to  six  inches 
dee]»,  or  below  the  surface  furrow. 


AGRICULTURAL   AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS.  15 

Eagle  C. — Sub-Soil. — For  ordinarily  clear  soils.  Its  size  is  medium, 
but  it  is  of  sufficient  strength  to  stand  the  draught  of  two  or  three,  or 
even  four  horses.    It  will  run  to  the  depth  of  twelve  inches. 

Eagle  B. — Sub-Soil. — This  plough  is  very  large,  and  will  break  or 
pulverize  the  soil  to  the  depth  of  eighteen  inches. 

Eagle  A. — Sub-Soil. — Is  about  the  same  size  as  the  last,  but  it  has 
either  a  double  or  single  wing-point.  And  it  also  has  an  inclined  plane 
upon  either  or  both  sides  at  the  same  time. 

The  draught-rod  had  better  be  used  with  these  ploughs.  It  can 
scarcely  be  dispensed  with,  as  without  it  the  off  ox  or  horse  is  compelled 
to  walk  on  the  furrow,  instead  of  on  the  hard  land.  Besides,  the  plough 
works  more  easily  in  the  surface-soil  furrow  with  than  without  this  ap- 
pendage. 


NEW  YORK  PLOUGHS. 

To  meet  the  demand  for  ploughs  at  a  cheaper  rate  than  the  above  de- 
scribed ploughs,  we  manufacture  extensively  the  following,  which  are  of 
the  same  dimensions  and  material,  but  are  not  so  highly  finished,  and  the 
iron-work  unpolished. 

New  York  Plough  No,  A  1.— For  loamy  and  clay  soils.  A  light 
one-horse  or  mule  plough. 

New  York  Plough  A  No.  2. — Size  larger  than  A  No.  1. 

New  York  Plough  No,  14. — A  one-horse  light  plough  for  sandy 
soils. 

New  York  Plough  No.  15. 

New  York  Plough  No.  2  B. — Small  two-horse  plough  far  any 
kind  of  work. 

New  York  Plough  Eagle  No.  1. — Medium  two  horse  plough. 
New  York  Plough  Eagle  No.  2. — A  strong  two-horse  plough,  for 

any  kind  of  work. 

One-horse  Corn-Ploughs.—  No.  10£ 

«  «  «    U£ 


"     121 
Corn 
Seed 


16 


AGRICCLTTRAL    AXD    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Two -Horse  Ploughs, - 


No.  19i    M.&H. 

«  «  «      20  " 

h  u  «     21  " 

«  "  "      131  " 

Bergen  Ploughs. — For  two  horses  and  general  work. 

No.  1 


iu>>  ok  vu  a — 

u 

"     2 

n.  &  h.— 

"  18 

it 

"  19 

Dutcher's—   . 

"     1- 

" 

"     2 

m.  &  co's— 

"     3 

H 

"     4 

Besides  these,  we  have  every  variety  of  plough  used  in  the  United 
States,  or  West  Indies,  or  any  part  of  the  world. 

Every  description  of  plough,  as  well  as  all  kinds  of  Farming  Imple- 
ments manufactured  to  order,  at  the  shortest  notice,  and  at  the  lowest 
prices. 

We  are  also  prepared  to  furnish  castings  for  any  of  the  following 
ploughs  per  cwt.  : — New  York,  Eagle,  Minor  <fc  Horton's,  May- 

hear  <fc  Go's,  Freeborn  <fc  Hitchcock's,  Dutcher's,  and  other  Ploughs. 

Scotch  Ploughs,  at  from  £25  to  $40  each,  are  imported  to  order. 

Southern  Ploughs,  with  higher  or  longer  standards,  are  furnished,  of 
various  sizes  and  patterns. 


CULTIVATORS. 


In  the  introduction  of  labor-saving  machinery  into  the  department  of 
Agriculture,  Cultivators  have  acquired  an  important  office.  For  thorough 
stirring  of  the  earth  between  rows  of  corn,  cane,  and  various  crops,  the 
Cultivator  has  several  advantages.  Dispatch  in  the  execution  of  work 
is  a  special  advantage,  and  when  the  crop  is  small  or  young,  it 
is  less  likely  to  be  choked  with  dirt,  or  buried,  than  by  a  close  and 
thorough  stirring  of  the  earth  with  a  plough.  Besides,  they  are  made 
to  expand  or  contract  from  two  to  five  feet,  to  conform  to  the  width  of 
the  spRce  between  the  rows.      When  manure   is  required  to  be  mixed 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


H 


with  the  earth,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  be  retained  near  the  surface,  the 
Cultivator  is  just  the  implement  required  ;  it  covers  grain  sown  broad-cast 
at  a  uniform   depth  much   better  than   the   harrow  or  plough. 

Cultivators  are  adapted  to  different  uses,  by  providing  them  with  va- 
rious forms  of  teeth,  fitted  to  the  same  frame.  For  instance,  the  United 
States  Agricultural  Warehouse  furnishes  as  many  sets  of  teeth  to  the 
same  tram.'  as  mav  be  ordered.  A  set  of  long  teeth  to  stir  the  soil  deep: 
or  broad  and  flat  ones,  to  skim  the  surface  and  cut  up  the  weeds;  and 
also  narrow  and  slim  teeth,  termed  scarifiers,  can  be  had,  or  made  and 
fitted  to  the  frame  by  any  common  blacksmith. 


A. 
Universal  Cultivator. — See  A. — Is  a  neat  invention,  and  longer 
than  the  common  kind.  Tt  has  different  sets  of  teeth,  as  noticed  above, 
and  as  will  be  seen  in  the  drawing.  It  has,  as  is  also  seen,  two  plough- 
shares in  the  place  of  hind  teeth,  which,  by  being  shifted  from  side 
to  side,  are  made  to  throw  a  furrow  against  the  rows  or  turn  up  a  ridge 
between  them.  In  moist  soils,  where  ridges  require  to  be  thrown  up, 
on  which  to  plant  the  crop,  the  shares  are  very  useful. 


Common  Expanding  Cultivator.— See  B. — Will  need  no  par- 
ticular  description,  except  that  it  has  steel  shares  in  place  of  cast-iron. 


18 


I.TL'KAL  AND    IIOl'.TICfLTUHAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Three-FuiTOW  Plough. — See  C. — This  is  a  species  of  Cultivator  in 

which,  as  it  were,  a  gang 
of  plough-shares  are  used 
instead  ofthe  usual  teeth. 
y**^  These  Bhares  require  a 
frame  of  BOine  2|  feet 
wide.  If  4  Bhares  are 
used,  (In-  frame  is  made 
wider  in  proportion.  Its 
use  at  tlie  North  is  to 
plough  in  wheat,  and 
other  broad-casl  sowing. 
From  its  width,  it  accom- 
plishes its  woi  k  verj  fest, 
and  its  structure  ensures 
its  being  done  uniformly  and  well.  It  will  cover  from  three  so  five  acres 
of  grain  in  a  day,  and  does  its  work  much  better  and  more  uniform  than 
a  common  harrow.  It  is  too  heavy  tor  a  single  mule.  Its  furrow  may 
be  gauged  in  its    depth  by  a  wheel,  as  other  ploughs  are  regulated. 


Improved  Expanding  Cultivator. 


See  D. — This  Cultivator  can 
be  expanded  or  com- 
pressed at  pleasure,  by 
a  simple  bearing  down 
or  lifting  of  the  handles. 
In  addition  to  the  con- 
venience of  accommoda- 
tion to  any  inequality 
in  the  width  of  the  rows, 
it  can  be  lifted  round  at 
the  corners  of  the  field 
with  the  same  ease  as  if 

it  were  a  single  plough.      These  Cultivators  are  made  from  the  best  of 

materials. 

Langdon's  Cultivator,  or  Horse-Plough— Is  also  furnished  at 

this  establishment. 

Cotton-Sweep  Cultivator. — To  be  used  in  the  place  of  the  Cot- 
ton Sweep,  and  for  other  work.  It  has  very  sharp  steel  teeth,  arranged 
to  cut  up  weeds  and  grass,  and  to  leave  in  its  path  a  fine  -pulverized  soil. 
It  has  all  the  facilities  in  adaptation  of  the  other  Cultivators  noticed 
above.     It  can  be  drawn  easily  by  one  mule. 

The  Hand  Cultivator. — See  E. — This  Cultivator  is  made  entirely 
of  cast-iron,  except  the  handle.  Its  expansion  is  from  ten  to  eighteen 
inches.      It  is  of  great  use  in  garden  culture,  and  in  fields,  between  the 


AGRICCLITU  U.    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLBMBNT8. 


19 


rows  of  carrots  mid  beets,  cutting  up  the  w Is,  and  starring  the  ground 

very  thoroughly.     The  operator  draws  it  behind  him  as  he  would  a  hand- 
wagon  or  cart,  doing-  the  work  as  fast  as  several  men  would  with  hoes 


HARROWS. 
The  Triangular  Folding  Harrow.— See  F.— The  construction 

of  this  Harrow  is  sufficiently  shown  by  the  cut.      Its  teeth  are  the  same 
as  in  Geddes'  Harrow,  only  larger. 


20 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Scotch  Harrow.— See  G. — Tins  is  a  doable  Harrow,  which  maybe 
divided  into  two  when  the  strength  of  the  team  or  the  roughness  of  the 
surface  requires  it. 


Geddes'  Harrow.— See 

H. — These  are  folding  Har- 
rows, having  from  14  to  SO 
teeth,  and  are  sometimes  con- 
structed so  instead  of  a  double 
harrow,  as  seen.  Two  single 
ones  are  provided  when  re- 
quired. 

The  Geddes'  Harrow  is  es- 
teemed the  best  in  use  ;  from 
its  hinge  in  the  center  it 
works  evenly  on  uneven  land, 
and  when  the  teeth  are  re- 
quired to  be  cleared  of  vines 
or  any  refuse  vegetables  with 
which  they  they  may  become 
entangled,  they  may  be  clear- 
ed without  lifting  the  whole 
weight  of  the  harrow.  Ir. 
may  be  folded  back  together, 
for  transoortation  about  the 
farm. 


21 


PATENT  IMPROVED  RAILROAD  HORSE  POWERS 


Overshot  Threshing-ÏÏfacliines  and  Separators. 

Manufactured  and  Sold   Wholesale  and  Retail  at  the  Agricultural 
Warehouse  and  Seed- Store,  107  Water-street,  N.  Y. 


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22  AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 

menaauons,  for  being  the  best  machine  ever  offered  or  examined  by 
the  committee.  Being  made  out  of  the  Provinces,  it  could  not  receive 
a  premium. 

It  was  also  exhibited  iu  operation  at  the  exhibition  of  the  district  fair 
held  at  Xenia,  Ohio,  under  the  patronage  of  the  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture, where  it  received  a  diploma  and  the  highest  encomiums  of  the 
committee — it  being,  in  their  opinion,  the  best  Horse-Power,  Threshing- 
Machine  and  Separator  they  ever  saw  in  operation,  and  they  warmly 
commend  it  to  the  farmers  of  Ohio. 

It  was  also  exhibited  in  operation  at  the  fair  of  the  Hamilton  Agri- 
cultural Society,  near  Cincinnati,  with  the  same  results  as  at  Xenia.  It 
was  also  exhibited  at  the  fairs  of  the  Monroe  County  Societv,  at 
Rochester,  in  1S48;  the  Rensselaer  County  Fair,  at  Troy,  in  1847  and 
1S48  ;  at  the  Saratoga  County  Fair,  at  Ballston,  in  184S  ;  at  the  Worces- 
ter County  Fair,  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  1S4S  :  and  in  all  cases,  with- 
out exception,  it  has  received  the  highest  encomiums,  diplomas  and  pre- 
miums, for  utility,  simplicity,  portability,  efficiency  and  cheapness  of  cost. 

Thus  far  it  has  been  the  aim  and  object  of  the  manufacturers  and 
patentees  to  make  and  sell  their  own  machines,  with  the  common  right 
of  using  them,  so  long  as  they  can  supply  the  demand  ;  believing  that 
the  sale  of  exclusive  rights  would  tend  to  retard  their  general  intro- 
duction, as  is  too  often  the  case  with  valuable  inventions,  from  the  fact 
that  purchasers  of  such  rights  of  making  and  using,  by  offering  an  in- 
ferior article,  or  oftener  charging  exorbitant  prices  for  them,  do  injury 
to  their  character,  and  place  them  beyond  the  reach  of  farmers  of  or- 
dinary mep.ns. 

The  power  itself  occupies  little  space  ;  is  compact,  light  and  portable, 
and  can  be  used  by  the  weight  only  of  the  horse  or  horses  at  an  ele- 
vation of  from  16  to  22  inches  in  10  feet,  according  to  the  size  of  the 
horses.  The  moving  parts  are  simple — as  sufficient  speed  and  direct 
motion  is  obtained  with  but  one  shaft,  without  gearing  or  crossing  of 
bands — thus  avoiding  a  vast  amount  of  friction  which  is  unavoidably 
produced  by  the  complexity  of  ordinary  powers  in  use.  The  horses 
walk  on  a  hard  plank  flooring,  with  a  second  floor  underneath,  to  avoid 
accidents  in  case  the  first  planks  wear  through.  One  set  of  plank- 
ino-  usually  wears  to  thresh  from  20  to  30,000  bushels  of  grain;  and 
when  worn  out  can  be  replaced  at  an  expense  of  £3  to  &6,  by  an  ordi- 
nary mechanic.  The  whole  platform  traverses  each  way  on  its  own 
small  wheels  upon  an  iron  rail-track. 

This  Thresher  is  different  in  many  respects  from  most  others,  inas- 
much as  it  is  an  overshot,  with  concave  above  the  cylinder,  thus  ad- 
mitting of  a  level  feeding-table,  and  the  feeder  to  stand  erect.  By  this 
motion  all  hard  substances  are  prevented  from  getting  into  the  thresh- 
er, thereby  avoiding  the  breaking  of  spikes,  and  accidents  ;  and  by 
means  of  a  brake  the  whole  is  instantly  controlled  by  the  feeder. 

The  grain,  by  this  motion,  is  not  scattered,  but.  thrown  upon  the  floor 
within  three  feet  of  the  machine,  and  admitting  of  a  Separator  to  be 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS.  23 

attached  sufficiently  high  to  allow  the  grain  and  line  chaft"  to  fall 
through  it,  while  the  straw  is  thrown  off  without  being  cut,  and  in  fit 
condition  for  binding,  while  the  grain  with  the  fine  chaff  is  left  in  the 
best  condition  for  the  fanning-mill,  and  can  be  readily  cleaned  by  one 
operation.  The  cylinder  is  smaller  in  diameter,  of  greater  length,  and 
has  only  one-third  the  usual  number  of  teeth.  The  concave  has  nearly 
double  the  usual  number. 

The  Separator  has  been  sold  with  each  Thresher,  and  is  considered 
indispensable,  as  it  does  the  work  of  several  men,  and  more  perfectly. 

Finally,  the  advantages  of  these  machines  may  be  summed  up  as  fol- 
lows : 

1st.  Their  great  simplicity  and  reduced  friction  require  much  less  power. 

2d.  Fewer  men  are  required  to  attend  to  its  operation,  no  driver  is 
needed,  and  all  can  be  operated  by  the  hands  usually  about  the  farm. 

3d.  All  can  be  operated  inside  of  barns  in  stormy  weather,  when 
men  and  teams  could  do  little  else  to  advantage. 

4th.  The  Thresher  is  equally  calculated  for  threshing  clover  and 
timothy  seed. 

5.  The  cost  of  the  Two-horse-power  Threshing-machines  and  one  of 
the  best  Fanning-mills,  with  belts  and  extras,  (sufficient  to  wear  out  the 
machines,)  is  but  $1*75  ;  while  the  cost  of  an  ordinary  gear  and  pinion 
horse-power,  with  a  combined  thresher  and  cleaner,  is  from  $225  to 
$250  and  $275  ;  making  a  saving  to  the  purchaser  from  $50  to  $100 
in  the  outset,  besides  saving  him  from  the  expense  and  trouble,  in  nine 
cases  in  ten,  of  running  their  grain  through  a  fanning-mill  before  it  is 
fit  for  market. 

6.  The  power  required  to  operate  these  machines  is,  at  the  least  cal- 
culation, less  than  one-half  that  required  to  operate  any  gear  and  pin- 
ion-power and  thresher  and  cleaner  combined  now  in  use,  on  account 
of  the  extra  amount  of  friction  produced  by  the  greater  number  of 
shafts,  pinions,  gearing,  bands,  wheels,  <fec,  in  the  latter. 

1.  When  a  Fan  Mill  is  used  it  receives  its  motion  directly  from  the 
horse-power,  and  is  much  more  uniform,  and  cleans  more  perfectly  than 
when  the  cleaner  is  combined  with  the  thresher  and  receives  its  motion 
from  the  cylinder,  as  in  this  case  the  cleaner  is  subject  to  all  the  varia- 
tions of  the  cylinder  as  the  feeder  presses  fast  or  slow,  thereby  blowing 
away  the  grain  with  the  chaff  one  moment,  and  discharging  them  to- 
gether the  next,  half  cleaned. 

8.  This  Thresher  and  Separator  leaves  the  grain  and  fine  chaff  in  the 
best  possible  condition  for  a  fanning-mill — and  a  good  mill  is  capable  of 
cleaning,  fit  for  market,  at  one  operation,  from  GO  to  80  bushels  per 
hour,  without  clogging  the  sieves  ;  or  more  than  any  machine  can 
thresh  in  the  same  time. 

9.  The  fanning-mill  being  purchased  separate,  may  be  used  by  hand, 
and  for  all  kinds  of  grain,  clover  and  grass  seeds. 

10.  This  Thresher  and  Separator  together  are  compact,  and  weigh 
but  300  lbs.,  and  a  fanning-mill  about  200  lbs.,  making  but  500  lbs.  ; 


24  AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICCLTTRAL    IMPLEMENTS. 

while  a  good  cleaner  and  thresher  combined  weighs  nearly  double  that 
amount,  and  are  much  more  cumbrous  and  inconvenient  to  handle. 

11.  This  Horse-power  is  equally  well  adapted  to  mechanical  pur- 
poses, as  grinding  feed,  sawing  wood,  driving  churns,  cider-mills,  turn- 
ing-lathes, straw  and  cornstalk  cutters,  and  a  variety  of  other  purposes. 

12.  The  double  power  is  equally  well  adapted  for  one  horse  as  the 
single  power,  and  is  found  quite  sufficient  for  sawing  wood,  driving 
turning-lathes,  and  various  purposes  where  the  power  of  one  horse  is 
sufficient  for  the  same. 

Three  men,  with  a  single  power,  and  a  change  of  horses  twice  a  day, 
can  thresh  from  75  to  100  bushels  ;  or  four  men,  with  a  double  power, 
with  the  same  horses  constantly,  can  thresh  175  to  225  bushels  of  wheat 
or  rye,  or  double  the  quantity  of  oats  or  buckwheat  per  day. 
Single  Horse  Powers,  latest  improved. 
Separator. 
Threshing-machine. 
Two  bands,  with   an  assortment  of  extras,  wrenches,  &c. 
complete. 


They  can  be  taken  in  pieces  and  packed  very  compactly,  and  for- 
warded to  any  part  of  the  country,  by  railroad,  canal,  or  steamboat. 
The  weight  of  a  sett  of  single  power,  &c,  complete,  is  about  1,100  lbs. 
The  Aveightof  the  double  power,  &c,  complete,  is  about  1,800  lbs. 

"We  have  efficient  agents  for  receiving  and  forwarding  machines  in  all 
the  principal  towns  and  cities  in  the  states  of  New^York,  Michigan, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Vermont, 
&c,  and  all  machines  delivered  on  board  boats,  cars,  &c,  and  freights 
always  contracted  for  at  the  lowest  rates,  and  shipping  bills  made  out  and 
forwarded  Avithout  extra  charges  for  the  same,  thereby  insuring  speed, 
safety  and  reasonable  charges  for  transportation. 

Terms  are  cash  on  delivery  of  machines  at  the  above  prices.     The 
Powers,  Threshers,  <fec,  are  warranted  to  operate  as  represented,  or  may 
be  returned  within  three  months  at  our  expense,  and  the  purchase 
money  refunded. 
Fig.  2. 

No.  2.— Saw  Mill.— This  mill  is  made 
with  joint  bolts,  patent  metallic  boxes, 
large  and  long  shaft  and  heavy  fly  wheel, 
and  may  be  used  with  single  or  double 
horse  power.  For  single  power,  a  22  inch 
saw  is  used  ;  for  a  double  power,  a  24 
inch  saw;  and  with  the  one-horse  power 
and  two  men,  from  tea  to  fifteen  cords  of 
hard  cord-wood  may  be  cut  twice  in  two  per  day — or  as  much  soft  wood 
as  they  can  handle. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMl'LKMKN  i  S.  25 

The  same  mill,  by  changing  saws,  can  be  used  for  slitting  boards  and 
plank  for  fencing,  &c. 


Fig.  3. 
flfo.  3, — Fanning  Mill, — This  is  considered  one  of,  if  not  the  best 
mill  in  use.  It  is  equally  well  calculated  for  all  kinds  of  grain,  clover 
and  o-rass  seeds.  It  may  be  operated  by  hand  or  horse  power.  The 
largest  size,  when  attached  to  the  horse-power,  with  one  person  to  feed 
it,  is  capable  of  cleaning  perfectly  one  hundred  bushels  of  wheat  per 
hour,  as  it  comes  from  the  Separator  of  the  Threshing-machine.  This 
Mill  has  received  the  first  premium  at  four  of  the  New  York  State  Fairs, 
also  at  the  State  Fail  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  Certificates  are 
unnecessary,  as  all  mills  are  warranted. 


Fig.  4. 

Wo.  4.— Premium  Straight-knife  Hay-cutter.— This  is  con- 
structed with  a  e\ Tinder  of  knives  cutting  against  a  hide  cylinder,  with 
this  difference — the  knives  are  straight,  but  are  placed  diagonally  upon 


2G 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


the  cylinder,  and  are  confined  by  movable  cast-iron  heads,  which  re- 
ceive the  ends  of  the  knives,  and  when  these  heads  are  confined  all  are 
held  firm.  This  is  a  late  invention,  and  promises  to  do  well.  The 
manufacturers  hold  that  this  form  of  knife  is  best,  inasmuch  as  being 
straight  it  is  more  easily  ground  by  farmers  in  general. 

The  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society,  at  Buffalo,  and  the  Ameri- 
can Institute,  at  New  York  City,  at  their  respective  Fairs,  held  in  Sep- 
tember and  October,  1848,  awarded  their  first  premiums  to  these  ma- 
chines ;  and  the  Worcester  Co.  (Mass.)  Mechanics'  Association,  at  their 
Fair,  awarded  to  them  its  highest  commendation.  The  improvements 
consist  : 

1.  The  adopting  straight  knives,  and  placing  them  on  the  arbor,  di- 
agonally, so  that  they  work  in  the  same  manner  as  the  spiral  knives  ■ 
and  being  straight  can  be  ground  by  the  person  using  them  with  the 
same  facility  as  other  farm  implements. 

2.  They  can  be  replaced  by  the  common  blacksmith  when  worn  out, 
or  new  blades  can  be  obtained  of  the  makers  or  dealers  at  trifling  cost. 

3.  All  the  knives  are  confiiAd  to  the  arbor  with  simply  two  caps 
and  two  pins  ;  by  which  simplicity  the  great  liability  to  get  out  of  repair, 
or  the  knives  to  twist,  cripple,  and  break,  is  obviated. 

4.  The  roller,  when  used  with  straight  knives,  properly  set,  is  said 
to  endure  much  longer  than  when  used  with  spiral  knives. 

No.  1.  Cutter,  8  knives.  No.  2,  8  knives.  No.  3,  8  knives. 

No.  4,  8  knives.  No.  5,  8  knives,  No.  6.  8  knives, 

No.  1,  8  knives,  geared,  No.  2,  8  knives,  geared.  No.  3,  10 

knives,  geared.  No.  4,  10  knives,  geared.  No.  5,  12  knives, 

geared.  No.  6,  12  knives,  geared. 


No.  5. — New  Sausage  or  Mincing  Machine. — This  machine,  by 

the  power  of  one  man.  is  capable 
of  cutti.«-  readily  from  80  to  100 
lbs.  of  meat  per  hour — the  person 
turning  the  crank  feeding  the  ma- 
chine, thus  leaving  the  mass  cut 
sufficiently  fine  and  uniform. 

It   is    constructed  of  blocks  of 

woods  about  5  inches  thick,  9  inches 

wide  and  15  inches  long,  connected 

together    with    hinges   and    hasps. 

The  two  faces  of  the  blocks  are  so 

carved   or  bored  out  as  to  form  a 

hollow  cylinder  or  barrel,  extending 

through   the  length  of  the  blocks, 

.   5.  excepting  enough  at   each   end  to 

form  a  head  or  cap.      In  this  cavity  is  suspended  a  wooden  cone  on  an 

iron   shaft,  running  lengthwise,  and  one  end  of  the  shaft  extending 

through  and  connecting  with  a  crank  outside.     In  this  cone  are  placed 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL   IMPLEMENTS. 


27 


three  rows  of  wood  or  iron  pegs,  so  arranged  spirally  as  to  form  a  kind 
of  screw,  running  lengthwise— the  pegs  being  smaller,  shorter,  and 
closer  together  as  they  approach  the  large  end  of  the  cone— making 
the  mean  diameter  of  the  pegs  the  same  at  each  end  of  the  cone,  and 
just  filling  the  space  or  cavity.  Each  block  has  a  Bet  of  triangular 
knives  fixed  stationary,  and  so  as  to  allow  the  pegs  to  pass  between 
them.  The  process"  is  simply  putting  in  meat  at  the  small  end  of  the 
cone,  through  the  kind  of  hopper  or  funnel,  and  by  turning  the  crank 
the  meat  is  passed  round,  through  and  between  the  knives,  and  for- 
ward to  the  large  end  of  the  cone  by  the  combined  action  of  the  pegs 
and  knives,  and  finally  discharged  through  an  aperture  at  the  bottom, 
at  the  large  end  of  the  cone,  or  opposite  the  hopper  end— the  fineness 
being  gauged  by  the  size  of  this  discharging  aperture. 

The  machine  is  warranted  to  cut,  fit  for  use,  from  80  to  150  lbs.  per 
hour,  according  to  the  power  applied — one  man  being  sufficient  to  turn 
it  constantly.  °  Several  hundred  have  been  sold  during  the  past  two 
years,  and  "give  entire  satisfaction. 


Fio.  6. 

jj0i  6, — Sausage  Stuffer. — This  machine  will  do  the  work  of 
eifrht  persons.  In  using,  the  large  end  of  the  cylinder  is  canted  up 
and  filled  with  meat — it  is  then  replaced,  the  skin  placed  on  the  funnel- 
shaped  end,  and  a  single  turn  of  the  crank  acting  upon  the  piston 
finishes  the  operation. 

jy0i  7. —  Cylinder  Churn.— Too  much 

has  not  been  said  in  favor  of  this  simple  labor-saving 
churn.      The   sale  of  them  for  the  last  few  years  has 
J»  been  unprecedented  by  any  other  churn,  and  so  general 
--->"!'  [^B  satisfaction  have  they  given  that  not  one  in  a  thousand 

-^T-S  *W  has  been  returned,  although  all  are  warranted  satisfac- 
-•»*S.  t  ^  jt  js  a  sjmp]e  cylinder,  with  a  kind  of  large  hop- 
Fig.  7.  per  upon  the  top,  with  a  cover  or  lid  to  fit.  It  has  an 
iron  shaft,  polished  and  closely  fitted  in  metal  boxes  at  each  end, 
and  on  this  shaft  are  suspended  two  floats  or  frames  at  right  an- 
ales with  each  other,  thus  forming  four  floats — and  by  turning  the 
shaft  bv  means  of  the  crank,  the  floats,  being  confined  to  it,  are  turned 
at  the  same  time,  breaking  the  cream  four  times  at  each  revolution  of 
the  shaft  or  crank.  These  floats  are  removed  or  taken  out  of  the  churn 
in  a  moment,  by  unscrewing  and  drawing  out  the  crank  first — thus 


LTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPL1 


making  it  very   convenient  to  remove   the   butter  after  churning  and 
cleaning  the  churn. 

The  churn  may  be  filled  more  or  less  to  suit  those  using  it  ;  but  gen- 
erally about  two-thirds  full  is  the  best  plan.  In  churning  care  should 
be  taken  not  to  turn  too  fast,  as  it  only  delays  the  coming  of  the  but- 
ter, and  is  harder  for  the  person  using  it.  In  case  this  is  filled  more 
than  half  full,  the  milk  should  be  drawn  off  at  the  bottom,  so  as  to 
bring  the  whole  below  the  shaft  before  it  is  withdrawn  to  take  out  the 
butter. 


No. 


No.  4,  for  8  to  1 5  cows. 
5,  "  15  to  25 


1,  for  1  to  2  cows, 

2,  3  to  5     " 

3,  5  to  8     " 
In  using  they  are  placed  upon  a  bench,  table  or  platform.    Being  so 

compact  in  shape,  they  are  cheaply,  easily  and  safely  transported  to 
any  part  of  this  or  other  countries.  Arrangements  being  made  for  a 
full  supply  of  these  churns,  orders  from  farmers  and  dealers  are  re- 
spectfully solicited. 

No.  8.— Collins  &  Stone's  Patent  Cheese-Press.— This  cut  is  a 

correct  view  of  the  press 
in  actual  use.  It  is  con- 
structed by  means  of 
double  or  compound  le- 
vers, which  are  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  weight 
of  the  cheese  or  curd  is 
the  power  which  presses 
itself — and,  as  they  are 
usually  made,  press  in  a 
ten  or  twelve-fold  ratio. 
This  is  found  enough  for 
the  commencement  of 
the  process  ;  but  when 
more  is  required,  it  is 
added  by  simplv  placing 
Fig.   8.      Selj- Acting   Cheese- Press.  on  the  platform  an  extra 

weight — as  a  brick  weighing  four  pounds  would  give  40  to  48  lbs.  of  ex- 
tra pressure.  It  is  sufficiently  strong  to  hold  a  cheese  of  150  or  200 
lbs.  weight.  The  press  is  loosened  in  an  instant  by  a  small  lever,  about 
four  or  five  feet  long  ;  and  a  child  can  loosen  it.  By  hooking  down  the 
lever  the  press  answers  every  purpose  of  a  table  to  turn  and  trim  the 
cheese  upon.  The  whole  weighs  from  thirty  to  fifty  pounds,  complete, 
and  occupies  a  suace  of  about  two  feet  souare.  There  are  three  sizes 
now  made 

No  one  who  has  ever  used  this  press  has  returned  them,  or  sub- 
stituted any  other  kind  in  its  stead,  although  before  the  public  for  the 
•ast  five  years,  and  many  hundreds  have  been  sold. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


29 


Wo.    9.— Agricultural    Furnace.— The  cut  represents  the  most 

approved  portable  furnace  for  agri- 
cultural purposes  now  before  the  pub- 
lic. It  is  formed  of  cast  iron,  and  is 
of  itself  both  stove  and  boiler.  The 
huiler  is  shown  in  the  cut  as  detached 
from  the  stove.  Its  form  is  such  that 
the  lire  passes  completely  round  the 
^IO-   Cj-  kettle  or  boiler,  the  space  being  some 

two  or  three  inches  between  the  outside  or  stove  and  boiler.  This 
causes  the  water  to  boil  quickly,  and  with  very  little  fuel,  and  saves  all 
the  expense  of  masonry  and  brickwork,  as  a  funnel  or  stove-pipe  is  all 
that  is  necessary  to  give  it  a  draft  for  all  purposes.  They  are  admirably 
adapted  to  boiling  and  steaming  vegetables  and  food  for  stock,  and  are 
convenient  for  many  other  purposes  where  large  quantities  of  water  are 
required  to  be  heated.  The  following  are  the  manufacturers'  retail 
prices.  They  can  be  furnished  both  wholesale  and  retail.  15  gallons, 
complete.  22  do.  30   do.  40   do  45   do. 

60  do.  80  do.  90  do.  120  do 

No.  10.— Cattle  Tie  or  Chain.— This  is  the  most  convenient  and 
secure  mode  of  fastening  cattle  in  use,  and  at 
the  same  time  the  most  comfortable — the  large 
ring  being  confined  by  a  round  post  attached 
to  the  manger,  and  so  loose  as  to  slip  up 
and  down  as  the  animals  move  their  heads  in 
feeding,  or  in  getting  up  or  lying  down. 
The  ends  are  thrown  round  the  neck  and  the 
T  end  put  through  one  of  the  small  rings  at 
Fig-  10.  the  other  end  of  the  chain,  and  thus  the  ani- 

mal is  safely  confined.     Such  a  chain  will  last  an  ao-e. 


No.  11.— Bull  Ring.- 


Fig.  11. 


-This  little  article  is  very  neatly  made  from 
round  polished  iron.  It  is  fitted  together  in 
two  parts,  and  opens  on  a  pivot  or  hinge,  and 
is  fastened  by  a  screw  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  ring.  Every  bull  should  be  rung,. for 
with  a  ring  in  his  nose  the  most  furious  ani- 
mal can  be  safely  managed  by  any  person, 
as  one  end  of  a  stick  three  or  four  feet  lono- 
can  be  tied  to  the  ring,  and  by  this  the  ani- 
mal can  be  led,  handled  and  controlled  with 
perfect  safety  and  at  the  will  of  the  holder. 
The  ring  is  inserted  by  punching  a  small 
hole  in  the   cartilage,  between  the  nostrils, 


and  then  inserting  the  ring  and  screwing  it  together. 


30 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


No.  12. — Wheat  Drills. — As   various  kinds  of   sowing-machines 

aie  in  use  for  the  purpose  of  sowing 
wheat  and  other  grains  in  drills,  by 
horses,  we  have  the  agency  for  sev- 
eral of  the  most  approved,  as  Pal- 
mer's, Pennock's,  and  others.  Bê- 
les, we  are  fitting  up  one  up- 
on the  plan  of  the  seed  drill-bar- 
row,  (described  in  another  page  of 
this  book),  which,  when  dune  will  be 
offered  to  the  public  with  the  fullest  confidence  of  success.  We  intend 
to  make  this  serve  the  purposes  designed  more  perfectly  and  more  sim- 
plv  in  their  whole  operation,  and  so  as  to  sow  the  drills  any  desired 
distance  apart,  and  any  quantity  to  the  acre,  and  of  such  sizes  as  may 
be  operated  with  one  or  two  horses. 


Pig.  13. 

No.  13-  Corn-Planter. — This  is  one  of  the  best 

machines  in  use  for  horse  power  for  corn  in  hills.  The  general  form  is 
similar  to  a  plough  without  tuouldboards,  with  a  hopper  placed  upon 
the  beam.  The  seeds  are  dropped  by  two  wooden  slides  or  arms,  which 
are  moved  alternately  by  a  crank  motion,  in  and  out  at  the  bottom  of 
the  hopper — these  arms  having  cups  or  cavities  which  fill  with  corn, 
and  as  they  are  drawn  out  and  over  the  pipe  or  tube  are  dropped  intc 
it  and  fall  to  the  ground  beneath  the  share. 


No.  14.— 


Corn-Planter  and  Seed-Drill, — The  annexed 

cut  represents  this  planter.  In 
using  it  the  operator  takes  the  han- 
dles, as  with  a  wheelbarrow,  and 
walks  off  erect.  The  machine,  mak- 
ing its  own  furrow,  counting  and 
measuring  its  own  quantity  of  seed, 
-  deposits  it  in  hills  or  drills  at  pleas- 
ure, and  at  any  distance  apart,  cov- 
ering  the  seed  after  it  is  dropped, 
and  compressing  it  after  it  is  covered,  by  means  of  the  roller,  and  doing 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS.  31 

the  whole  at  one  and  the  same  time.  At  the  same  time  it  is  one  of  the 
most  simple  machines  for  the  purposes  designed  that  has  ever  been  in- 
troduced. With  this  all  small  seeds  are  dropped  by  means  of  a  re- 
volving circular  brush  inside,  which  operates  quite  on  the  bottom  of  the 
hopper.  The  quantity,  as  well  as  the  different  kinds  of  small  seed, 
are  regulated  by  means  of  movable  tin  plates  with  different  sized  holes 
in  them,  which  are  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  hopper  :  the  seed  is 
forced  through  one  of  the  plates  with  the  proper  sized  holes  by  the 
brush.  By  this  process  all  seeds — as  carrot,  parsnip,  turnip,  onion,  <fcc. — 
without  regard  to  form  or  weight,  are  dropped  with  equal  precision. 

For  planting  corn  the  brush  is  removed,  and  a  wooden  cylinder  is 
substituted,  just  filling  the  hopper  mouth  ;  the  tin  plate  is  removed, 
leaving  the  bottom  of  the  hopper  open.  This  cylinder  is  perforated 
with  cavities  sufficiently  large  to  receive  any  required  number  of  ker- 
nels of  corn,  beans,  peas,  &c,  and  a  set-screw,  with  a  head  just  filling 
the  cavity,  is  inserted.  The  quantity  is  regulated  by  turning  the  screw 
down  or  up,  at  pleasure  ;  and  when  only  part  of  the  cavities  are  needed, 
the  screws  may  be  turned  out  until  they  are  even  with  the  surface  of 
the  cylinder.  All  the  cavities  or  any  part  of  them  may  be  used  at  the 
same  time,  according  to  the  distance  asunder  it  is  desired  to  drop  the 
seeds.  The  brush  and  cylinder  both  receive  their  rotary  motion  by 
small  gear  wheels,  (and  connecting  shaft),  operating  into  series  of  rows 
of  cogs  upon  the  plane  face  of  the  main  large  wheel,  thereby  avoiding 
the  difficulties  heretofore  found  in  using  bands,  which  would  slip,  wear, 
and  get  loose. 

The  speed  of  the  cylinder  and  brush  may  be  varied  by  placing  the 
movable  pinion  (which  is  on  the  connecting  shaft)  in  any  of  the  dif- 
ferent rows  of  cogs  on  the  main  wheel,  and  there  confining  it  by  means 
of  an  iron  pin.  By  referring  to  the  accompanying  cut  the  planter  will 
be  readily  understood.  It  is  equally  adapted  for  being  used  by  hand  or 
by  a  horse,  as  a  plow.  Several  hundred  have  been  sold,  and  have  given 
universal  satisfaction.  One  acre  per  hour  is  readily  planted,  and  may  be 
called  a  fair  estimate  of  their  capabilities,  with  the  rows  three  feet  apart. 
With  the  rows  wider  or  narrower,  more  or  less  ground  may  be  planted 
in  the  same  time.  So  accurately  have  they  worked,  that  it  may  be 
proper  to  name  an  instance  this  season,  which  was  on  a  good  piece 
of  ground  of  twenty  acres.  The  machine  was  set  to  drop  the  desired 
quantity  at  the  requisite  distance,  and  a  calculation  made,  and  the  quan- 
tity of  seed  for  the  field  was  measured,  and  when  it  was  planted  a  little 
over  a  quail  of  seed  remained  in  the  hopper.  After  the  corn  came  up 
none  had  been  missed,  but  any  ten  hills  in  one  part  would  not  vary  in 
number  with  another  part  of  the  whole  field.  This  statement  is  made 
by  Judge  Cheever,  of  Stillwater,  N.  Y,  and  is  but  one  of  very  many 
similar  reports  of  their  successful  operation. 


32 


AGRICULTTRAL    ASD    HOUTICUUTRAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


No.  15.— Improved  Hydraulic  Ram. — H,  spring  0r  brook  ;  C, 

drive  or  supply-pipe  from 
spring  to  ram  ;  G,  pipe  con- 
veying water  to  hoo: 
other  point  required  for  use  ; 
B,  D,  A,  E,  I,  the  ram  ;  J, 
the  plank  or  other  founda- 
tion on  which  the  ram  is  se- 
cured. Comparatively  few 
of  those  for  whose  benefit 
this  contrivance  is  designed 
have  as  yet  become  aware 
great  utility.  Al- 
though the  law  upon  which 
it  works  is  one  of  the  most 
common  in  nature,  and  al- 
though it  has  been  known 
in  some  form  or  other  for 
Fig.   15.  2000  years,  yet   a   kind  of 

mystery  has  always  hung  about  it.  The  seeming  absurdity  of  the  idea 
that  water  may  be  made  to  elevate  itself  above  its  level,  and  to  supply 
a  constant  and  abundant  stream  at  any  desired  height,  without  the  lia- 
bility to  accidents  and  stoppages,  has  prevented  inquiry  into  the  con- 
struction of  the  hydraulic  ram,  and  it  has  consequently  remained  almost 
unknown,  and  until  a  few  years,  little  used. 

Description. — The  annexed  cut  represents  a  vertical  section  of  the 

ram.  A,  the  air-chamber  ;  B,  the 
waste-valve  ;  C,  valve  opening  into  the 
air-chamber  ;  D,  the  feed  or  driving 
pipe  ;  E,  pipe  to  convey  the  water 
where  it  is  desired.  The  pipe  D  should 
be  from  30  to  50  feet  long,  and  from 
one  to  two  inches  caliber  :  the  pipe  E 
'any  length  desired,  and  about  half  an 
inch  caliber.  Lead  pipe'  is  commonly 
used.  The  circular  figure  on  the  left  represents  the  form  of  the  waste- 
valve.  The  waste-valve  is  made  to  vibrate  up  and  down  thus  : — The 
water  passes  down  the  driving-pipe,  D,  and  escapes  at  the  waste-valve, 
B.  Now,  as  any  descending  body  increases  in  velocity  and  force 
even-  instant  of  its  descent,  the  column  of  water  descending  in  the 
driving-pipe  quickly  attains  sufficient  velocity  and  force  to  lift  the  waste- 
valve  ;  but  the  valve  in  rising  instantly  stops  the  passage,  and  the 
whole  momentum  of  water  strikes  against  it  and  seeks  relief,  which  is 
only  found  at  the  valve  C,  through  which  a  quantity  of  water  is  forced 
into  the  air-chamber,  where  it  is  confined  by  the  closing  of  the  valve. 
The  momentum  being  thus  expended,  and  the  water  at  rest,  the  valve 
B  drops  by  its  own  gravity,  and  is  ready  to  start  again.    After  repeated 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


33 


vibrations  the  air-chamber  becomes  partly  filled  with  water,  compress- 
ing within  a  small  space  the  air,  which,  by  its  elasticity,  reacts  upon  the 
water,  and  forces  it  up  the  pipe  E  to  any  desired  elevation  or  distance. 

Thus  simple  is  the  machine  ;  and,  when  once  properly  set,  it  will  act 
for  years  without  a  penny's  worth  of  repairs,  and  be  as  constant  and 
regular  in  its  duty  as  is  the  law  of  nature  upon  which  it  acts. 

Many  a  tanner  has  a  good  spring  or  stream  of  water  in  the  vicinity 
of  his  buildings,  which  would  be  to  him  invaluable  if  it  could  be 
brought  to  the  bouse  and  barn  ;  but  being  at  a  distance,  and  below  the 
level  of  his  buildings,  it  cannot  be  done  by  the  ordinary  means  of 
veying  water.  To  such  the  ram  becomes  one  of  the  most  useful  con- 
trivances thai  ingenuity  and  science  has  ever  furnished.  Faithfully  per- 
forming its  work,  unattended  and  unnoticed,  with  constant  and  regular 
pulsations  as  of  life,  it  presents  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  interest- 
ing achievements  that  the  mind  has  ever  obtained  over  matter. 

A  fall  of  not  less  than  18  inches  at  the  spring,  and  a  quantity  of 
water  not  less  than  half  a  gallon  per  minute  are  necessary  to  operate 
the  ram — but  the  greater  the  fall  and  the  quantity  of  water  furnished, 
the  greater  will  be  the  quantity  of  water  elevated  by  the  ram  ;  and 
there  is  no  limit  to  the  height  to  which  it  may  be  raised,  except  the 
strength  of  the  pipe  used. 

Directions  for  setting  the  Ram. — Place  the  ram  in  a  pit,  two  or 
three  feet  deep,  and  secure  it  to  some  solid  platform.  Lay  the  pipe  the 
same  depth — or  so  as  to  be  out  of  the  way  of  frost.  After  the  ram  is 
sot,  and  ready  to  operate,  let  on  the  water,  and  hold  open  the  waste- 
valve  until  the  water  lias  acquired  a  strong,  full  current,  and  then  set 
it  vibrating  up  and  down.  Adjust  the  length  of  stroke  by  means  of 
the  screws  over  the  valve  to  the  quantity  of  water,  so  as  not  to  exhaust 
the  head. 

N.  B.  Be  particular  to  make  a  very  small  awl-hole  in  the  top  of  the 
drive-pipe,  close  to  where  it  enters  the  ram,  to  supply  the  chamber  with 
air.  Occasionally  take  out  the  thumb-screw  at  the  bottom  of  the  cham- 
ber, to  let  it  discharge  sediment,  should  any  accumulate. 

DIMENSIONS    OF    PIPES. 


Size 
of 

Length  of  Pipes. 

Caliber.                               Weight  of  Pipe. 

Rani. 

Drive. 

Uncharge. 

Drive. 

Discharge]          Drive. 

Uischaige. 

No.  3. 

<;  4. 
"  5. 
-  B. 

I'o  where  dcsir'ii 
u 

1   inch 
U     u 

■3.'.   i- 

.'.  inch.      8  lbs.  per  yard 
j     u          10    .. 

X  ••          20    - 

1     -           33     •• 

13  lbs.  per  rod. 
12     '•         '; 
33     •■ 
7     ••  per  van'.. 

The  greater  the  elevation  to  be  overcome,  compared  with  the  head  or 
fall,  the  longer  the  drive-pipe  should  be — and  vice  versa.  The  drive- 
pipe  should  be  made  straight,  or  a  very  gentle  curve,  if  necessary. 

Connect  the  pipe  with  the  ram  by  passing  it  through  the  iron  coup- 
ling, and  forming  a  Hange  on  the  end  of  the  pipe,  and  then  screwing 
the  coupling  together,  with  the  leather  collar  between.  Put  a  coarse 
strainer  over  the  upper  end  of  the  drive-pipe,  to  keep  out  sticks,  <fcc. 

3 


34 


AGKICTI.TTi:  AI.    AM.    HORTICULTÜRAX    IMPLEMENTS. 


Fig.  16. 

No.  16.-  Force  Pump. — An  excellent  article  for  mines, 

breweries,  railroad  water-stations,  factories,  sugar  plantations,  dwelling- 
houses,  steamboats  and  packet-ships,  and  all  other  places  where  a  con- 
stant stream  of  water  is  required.  These  pumps  being  double-acting, 
by  attaching  hose  they  answer  the  purpose  of  a  fire  engine  ;  also  for 
watering  gardens  and  washing  windows.  The  public  are  respectfully 
invited  to  call  and  examine  for  themselves,  as  a  constant  supply  of  all 
sizes,  from  two  inch  cylinders  up  to  eight  inches,  will  always  be  kept  on 
hand. 


No.  17. — Fountains. — Of  various  patterns,  foi 
tmblic  and  private  uses. 

They  are  oecoming  very  common  in  gardens  and 
about  residences,  as  they  can  be  so  readily  and  sim- 
ply operated  by  the  agency  of  a  Water  Ram,  at 
almost  any  direction  or  elevation  from  a  running 
stream  of  water. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


35 


TCo.  17.— Pumps  for  Cisterns  and  W  lis, — These  pumps  are 
made  of  cast  iron.  No.  5  is  made  for  load  pipe  of 
1\  or  I|  inch  caliber,  with  brass  valve-scat,  and 
brass  tube  for  attaching  the  had  pipe.  This  pump 
is  so  constructed  as  to  let  off  the  water  to  prevent 
freezing  in  the  coldest  weather,  provided  the  plat- 
form to  the  well  is  made  tight. 

No.  1  is  made  with  brass  tube  for  attaching 
lead  pipe  of  I  or  1  inch  caliber,  with  brass  valve- 
seat  and  valve. 

No.  2  is  made  Avith  brass  tube  for  attaching 
lead  pipe  of  1  or  lj  inch  caliber,  with  brass  valvo- 
seat  and  valve. 

No.  3  is  made  with  brass  tube  for  attaching 
bad  pipe  of  1^  or  li  inch  caliber,  with  brass  valve- 
seat  and  valve. 

No.   4   is  made  for  attaching  wood  pipe  below 
the  cylinder  or  working  parts — all  above  being  of 
iron.     Tins  pump  is  so  constructed  as  to  let  off  the 
water  to  prevent  freezing  in  the  coldest  weather, 
provided    the  platform  of   the   well  is  made  tight. 


Fig.  18. 
No.  18. — This  engraving  represents  a  cheap,  strong,  and    durable 
Horse-power,  for  pumping  water,  and  other  purposes.      It  is  portable, 
of  simple   construction  and  with   careful  usage  will   last  many  years. 


36 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


It  can  be  taken  apart,  packed,  and  transported  with  ease.  When  in 
operation  the  horse  occupies  a  circle  of  24  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  5 
feet  6  inches  long,  3  feet  wide,  and  2  feet  6  inches  hiffh.  It  can  be 
worked  with  one  or  two  horses  or  mules. 


Fig.    19. 

No,  19. — Garden  and  Fire  Engines.— Double  and  single-action' 

Pumps,  and  double  and  single  Brakes — on  four  wheels,  with  tongue, 
and  on  two  wheels,  with  handles,  like  a  barrow.  These  are  extensively 
used  in  gardens,  nurseries,  &c.  They  are  found  to  be  very  useful  in 
wetting  walks  and  lawns,  extinguishing  fires,  &c. 


Fig.  20. 
No.  20, — Dog-Power,  for  Churning,  Driving  Grindstone,  <fec. 
The  above  cut  illustrates  our  most  approved  Dog-Power.     It  is  a  sira- 


FOR    SALE    BY    MAHER    <fc    CO. 


37 


tie  endless  platform,  formed  upon  two  India-rubber  straps,  with 
sprips  of  light  wood  firmly  riveted  to  it.  This  endless  platform  is 
supported  by  a  drum  about  12  indus  in  diameter  at  each  end,  and 
the  whole  so  arranged  thai  it  can  be  elevated  to  any  angle  required 
by  the  weight  of  the  dog,  or  work  to  be  done  by  it. 

It  is  equally  adapted  for  sheep,  and  many  prefer  them  to  dogs. 

No-  21-Iron  Well  Curbs. 


Fig.  21. 


Fig.  21  represents  two  styles  of  Iron  Well  Curbs  made  by  us 
for  the  Chain  Pump.  They  are  a  most  admirable  and  complete 
device,  combining  ornament  with  utility,  and  are  without  a  rival  in 
the  market. 

Having  been  before  the  community  for  a  long  time,  they  have 
become  generally  known,  and  from  actual  test  have  continued  to 
grow  more  and  more  in  favor  and  demand,  and  need  only  to  be 
seen  to  secure  a  ready  approval. 

U 


38 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


No.  22.— Zinc  Tubeing  for  Chain  Pump. 


?«#  <7Ï  -.3--s>:\ 

J.  fPASEfl.SSJ ' 

Pig.  22. 


Fig.  22  is  a  represen- 
tation of  the  New  Zinc 
Tubeing  for  the  Chain 
Pump  which  seems  to  be 
all  that  is  wanting  to 
render  this  very  popular 
pump  perfect  in  every 
particular.  The  only  se- 
rious objection  which  has 
ever  been  urged  against 
the  Chain  Pump,  has 
arisen  from  the  fact  that 
the  water  after  a  short 
time  has  been  rendered 
impure  by  the  friction  of 
the  Buttons  on  the  sides 
of  the  Wood  Tubeing — 
a  very  serious  objection 
indeed,  whether  consider- 
ed in  reference  to  its  use 
for  Dairy  purposes,  or  in 
fact  any  other.  But  this 
objection,  it  will  be  at 
once  seen,  is  entirely  ob- 
viated by  the  Zinc  Tube- 
ing, while  it  is  entirely 
free  from  other  difficul- 
ties to  which  the  other 
is  liable  ;  and  is  much  more  easy 
of  transportation  and  adjustment  than 
the  Wood  Tubeing. 

It  is  made  of  heavy  zinc  in  sections, 
and  put  together  without  any  difficulty, 
so  perfectly  as  to  require  no  solder  at 
the  joints  ;  and  being  fastened  to  a 
narrow  plank  or  board  is  easily  fixed 
in  its  position  in  the  Well,  in  the  man- 
ner represented  in  the  Cut.  This  Cut 
exhibits  a  section  of  a  Well  and  Curb 
placed  over  it,  showing  the  Complete 
Adjustment  of  the  whole  ;  and  estab- 
lishes, at  sight,  the  claim  which  this 
Pump  has  over  all  others  for  its  Sim- 
plicity, Neatness  and  Perfection. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL   IMPLEMENTS. 


39 


No.  23.— Counter  Scales.— This  arti- 
cle is  considered  perfect,  for  weighing  light 
weights.  Thev  can  be  furnished  at  whole- 
sale or  retail 


Wo.    24. —  Ornamental  Garden 

Vases,  of  various  patterns  and  sizes  ; 
some  new  and  very  handsome.  They  are 
both  useful  and  ornamental,  and  withal 
very  desirable  for  porticos,  walks,  lawns, 
gardens,  &c. 


Wo.  25. — Hay  and  Cotton  Presses. — We  have  hay  and  cotton 

presses  of  various  forms  and  qualities.     We  have  likewise  oil  presses. 
They  can  be  worked  by  hand,  horse,  or  steam-power. 


40 


[CULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


No.  26.— Platform  Scales,  of  various 

size-,  weighing  from  a  pound  to  a  ton  or 
more  with  the  greatest  accuracy.  Thev  are 
not  liable  to  get  out  of  order,  and  are  easily 
repaired  when,  by  long  or  rough  usage,  they 
mav  have  become  worn  or  broken. 


Fig.   26. 


HORTICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS, 


No.  27.- Horticultural 

Tool-Chest— "A  place  for 
every  thing.  ;ind  everything 
in  its  place,"'  is  a  motto 
whose  observance  is  greatly 
facilitated  by  the  use  of  this 
article.  Those  we  sell  are 
very  complete  — containing 
a  considerable  variety  of  im- 
plements. 


No.  28.— Anderson's  Patent  Hammer.— The  claws  of  these  ham- 
mers are  turned  back,  and  extended  so  as  to  surround  the  handle  with 
a  ring,  and  prevent  its  breaking  in  drawing  nails,  or  drawing  out  or  be- 
coming loose.  They  are  made  of  the  besr  cast-steel,  and  are  of  supe- 
rior workmanship.  We  have  six  different  sizes,  weighing  from  half  a 
pound  to  a  pound  and  a  half. 


No.  29.— Fruit  Gatherer. 


ground. 


To  gather  fruit  without  bruising,  either 
with  a  net  attached  to 
catch  the  fruit  as  it  drops, 
or  a  sort  of  cloth  hose  to 
conduct  the  fruit  to  the 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


41 


No.  30.— Pruning  Saw  and  Chisel.— This  is  a  chisel  with  a 

JfPfrn  Made  about  three  inches  wide 


Fig.   12. 


ind  four  inches  long,  with  a 
wooden  handle  of  sufficient 
length  to  allow  the  gardener 
to  stand  on  the  ground  and  trim  in  any  part  of  the  tree.  A  saw  about 
12  inches  long  is  fastened  on  the  side  of  the  chisel  and  chisel  sockei 
which  is  used  in  sawing  off  the  larger  limbs. 


No.  31.— Lopping  oi 
Branch  Shears.— Foi 

trimming  shrubbery  and 
the  excision  of  such  limbs 
and  sprouts  as  have  not 
sufficient  body  to  admit 
the  use  of  the  pruning 
saw  and  chisel. 


Fig.  31. 


Mo.  32. — Pruning  Scissors  with 

BOWS. — For  autting  small  twigs,  trim- 
ming flower  bushes,  and  cutting  flowers. 
A  useful  article  for  ladies. 


Fig.  32. 
No.  33.— Sliding  Pruning  Shears.— These  have  a  movable  cen- 
tre, so  that  one  of 
the  blades  makes  a 
sort  of  draw  cut,  like 
a  knife,  and  leaves  the 
surface  next  the  tree 
smooth,  instead  of  the 
mesh  cut  of  ordinary 
shears. 

They  are  better  fin- 
ished and  not  so  long 
as  the  lopping  shears. 

No.  34.— Garden  or  Hedge  Shears.— This  article  can  be  had 

with  or  without  the  pruning  notch. 
The  notch  is  of  advantage  for 
trimming  hedges  or  shrubbery,  as 

it  will  cut  a  much  stronger  twig 
than   the    shears. 

Fig.  34. 


Fig.  33. 


42 


AGRICULTURAL   AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Fig.  35. 


Wo.  35.— Grass  Edging  or 
Border    Shears. — For  trimming 

the  sides  of  baths  and  grass  edges. 
They  are  sô  made  that  the  opera- 
tor may  stand  upright  whilst  using 
them.  The  wheel  is  sometimes  at- 
tached, and  is  by  some  considered 
an  advantage. 


No.  36.— Ladies'  Garden 
Shears. — Useful  for  many  pur- 
poses. 


Wo.    37—  Ladies'    Pruning 

Shears. — These  have  wood  han- 
dles, and  are  handsomely  and  light- 
ly made.  They  are  used  for  trim- 
ming shrubbery  and  cutting  branch- 
es too  long  for  hand  shears. 


Fig.  37. 


Wo.  38. — Pole  Pruning  Shears. — This  is  a  pair  of  pruning  shears 

attached  to  a  pole  of  any  re- 
quired length,  and  worked  bv 
a  cord  and  pulley  attached  to 
a  lever.  It  will  cut  branches 
1|  inches  in  diameter,  and  the 
operator  may  stand  on  the 
ground  and  prune  in  any  part 
of  the  tree  that  the  pole  will 
*IG-  38>  reach.     A  small  size  of  this 

species  of  shears  is  used  for  cuttfng  small  branches  from  shade  trees, 
and  fruit  trees  to  which  insects  are  attached.  Fine  fruit  may  be  gather- 
ed by  their  being  cut  at  the  stem,  and  caught,  in  falling,  in  a  basket  at- 
tached to  the  instrument,  when  used  for  this  purpose. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL   IMPLEMENTS. 


43 


Wo.  39.— Pole  Pruning  Nippers. 

These  have  a  sliding  cut,  which  leaves 
the  branch  cut  off  as  smooth  as  it  could 
be  done  with  a  knife.  It  is  better  than 
the  pole  pruning  shears,  but  will  not  cut 
a  branch  over  an  inch  in  diameter. 


Fig.  39. 


Fig.  40. 


Wo.  40.— Pruning  Scissors.— For 

trimming  clusters  of  Grapes  growing  too 
thick  together,  and  for  trimming  out  leaves, 
twigs,  &c. 


Wo.    41. — Flower  Gatherer. — This  is  a  pair  of  scissors  combined 

with  tweezers  and  pincers.  Flowers, 
such  as  roses,  &c,  having  thorny 
stems,  may  be  gathered  with  this  in- 
strument without  inconvenience  ;  the 
Fig.  41.  branch   or  stem  cut  off  being  held  by 

the  pincers,  and  drawn  out  with  the  instrument  from  among  the  thorns. 


Fig 


Fig.   43. 


Wo.  42. — Hand-sliding  Iron-handled 

Shears. — With  a  sliding  centre  and  spring, 
makes  a  perfectly  smooth  cut,  and  is  the 
best  instrument  for  pruning  roses. 


Wc.  43.— Grass-edging  Knife. — A  knife  fitted  to 

a  straight  handle.  It  is  used  fur  paring  the  edges  of 
grass-bordering  or  walks.  It  will  also  cut  the  outline  of 
sods,  that  they  may  be  more  easily  raised  by  the  spade. 


iv     Wo.  44.— Briar  or  Bill  Hook.— Of  va- 

jrious  forms,  for   trimming   hedges,  cutting 
brambles,  brush.  &c. 


Fig.  44. 


44 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Fig.  45. 


No.  45. — Garden  Rakes. — For  smoothing  garden- 
beds — sorting  out  stones  and  hard  lumps  of  earth  from 
their  surface.  Also  for  covering  seeds,  and  raking  out 
weeds,  cut  grass,  &c. 


No.  46. — Grass  Lawn  Rakes,  with  teeth  in 

the  form  of  a  lance,  sharpened  on  both  sides,  and  is 
a  sort  of  comb  to  tear  off  the  flower-heads  or  buds 
of  daisies,  dandelions,  and  other  plants  in  green 
lawns 


Fig.  46. 


No.  47. — Garden  Trowels. — Used  in  transplanting  garden  vegeta- 
bles and  small  roots,  trees,  &c.     Useful, 
also,  for  dressing   the  soil  among  tender 
plants  in  confined  situations,  and  for  loosen- 
Yig.  47  WS  tüe  r0°ts. 


No.  47i. — Spades  and  Shov- 
els.— 0.  Ames',  Carr's,  Stone's  and 
Stackpole  &  Co's  cast-steel  and  iron 
shovels.  Also,  Stackpole  <fe  Co's 
grain-scoops  ;  a  very  superior  ar- 
ticle. The  cast-steel  shovels,  al- 
though a  new  article  in  the  market, 
have,  to  all  appearance  and  in  use, 
all  the  merits  of  O.  Ames'  best, 
and  at  the  same  time  are  better 
finished.  It  certainly  is  an  excel- 
lent shovel,  and  is  afforded  consid- 
erably less  than  Ames',  Carr's  or 
Stone's,  are  all  from  the  same  manu- 
facturer, and  are  too  well  known  to 
need  further  notice  here.  A  full 
supply  on  hand,  for  sale  single  or 
by  the  dozen,  at  the  lowest  prices. 


AGRICULTURAL    AKD    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


45 


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No.  49. — Canal  or  Railroad  Barrow.— Various  sizes. 


The  above  are  made 
by  responsible  manufacturers,  and 
warranted  equal  to  any  others  in 
the  country. 


Fig.  49. 


No.  50.— Brush  and  Bramble  Hook. 


Fig.  50. 


-For  cutting  briars  about 

i  fences,  and  brushes.     It 

is  very  strong,  and  may 

be   used   in   cutting  the 

undergrowth  of   forests. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Fig.  51. 

No.  51.— Garden  Chairs. — We  have  various  patterns  of  these  chairs. 
They  are  of  cast  iron,  and  much  used  in  ornamenting  gardens  and 
lawns. 


jy.ffAUEAv. 


Fig.  52. 

No.  52.— Lumber  and  Baggage  Wagons.— We  have  a  variety 

of  wagons,  capable  of   sustaining  from  one  to  two  tons,  on  good  roads. 
We  make  them  with  wooden  or  iron  axles,  with  or  without  springs. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS.  47 

ROLLERS. 


Fig.  53. 

This  implement  is  used  to  smooth  the  surface  of  the  field,  and  fit  it  for 
the  cradle.  It  crushes  or  crowds  into  the  earth  all  sods,  stones,  or  other 
loose  matter  which  the  harrow  may  leave  to  disfigure  the  surface  of  the 
field,  or  to  embarrass  the  business  of  harvesting.  It  presses  the  earth 
about  the  seeds,  and  ensures  an  earlier  germination.  It  also  assists  light, 
sandy  and  porous  soils  to  hold  the  roots  of  the  plants,  and  to  retain 
moisture,  to  promote  their  growths,  and  to  prevent  the  drying-up  of  ma- 
nure, or  the  exhalation  of  their  gasses,  which  are  so  beneficial  to  vege- 
tation. 

Fig.  53  represents  the  best  kind  of  Rollers,  being  wholly  of  cast-iron, 
except  the  tongue  or  thills.  They  are  from  18  to  24  inches  in  diameter, 
in  separate  sections  of  one  foot  in  length,  turning  independently  of  each 
other  on  a  wrough-iron  axletree.  Four  sections  may  be  rigged  with  thills 
and  drawn  by  one  horse  ;  but  six  sections  require  two  horses.  They  are 
of  all  sizes  and  weight  for  hand  or  team. 


MOWING  AND  HARVESTING  IMPLEMENTS. 

We  have  every  variety  of  Scythes  and  Snaths,  which  are  sold  separate 
or  together.  We  have  some  strong  Snaths  for  Bush-Scythes,  with  two 
heel-rings.  The  Scythes  are  of  the  best  cast  or  German  steel,  double  re- 
fined, with  backs  single  or  double,  ribbed  or  plain. 


48 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    IIOKTICULTl'KAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


No.  54.— Snath  and  Scythe. 


Fig.  54. 

Grass,  Long  Grain,  and  Bramble  or  Bush  Scythes, 


No.  57. 

C. 


In  the  selection  of  a  scythe  regard  should  he  had  to  the  ground  upon 
which itis  to  be  used,  and  the  work  that  is  to  be  done  with  it.  On  smooth 
meadow  lauds  or  bottoms  and  surfaces,  free  from  stones,  a  lon^  narrow 
scythe,  like  h>,  but  a  little  more  turned  at  the  point,  is  best.  The  strokes 
bein<r  all  with  a  regular  curve,  a  wide  swoth  can  be  carried,  and  the  cut- 
ting of  the  grass  be  close  and  even,  securing  all  the  thick  undergrowth 
which  smh  lands  produce.  The  harder  the  temper  of  the  scythe,  provi- 
ded it  does  not  crumble,  the  longer  it  will  hold  an  edge.  On  sandy  soil, 
or  hinds  sometimes  overflowed  on  the  margins  of  streams  and  rivera,  äie 
iXrit  that  works  u;>  among  the  gra«s  presently  destroys  the  edge  on  a  soft- 
tempered  scythe.  The  liability  of  a  scythe  to  become  bettered  on  stony 
land  requires  that  its  temper  should  be  such  as  will  afford  it  tenacity.  A 
hard  brittle  edge  would  require  too  much  time  to  grind  out  its  batters, 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


49 


which  it  would  be  likely  to  receive  by  use  in  stony  uplands.  For  rough- 
surfaced  uplands  a  shorter  scythe  is  to  be  preferred,  that  it  may  be  adap- 
ted to  the  inequalities,  and  be  carried  more  readily  through  the  grass,  by 
the  si.lcway  stroke,  often  found  neeessaty,  to  pick  out  the  grass  among 
the  rock's  and  stumps.  A  wide  scythe,  C,  lifts  the  edge  higher  from  th« 
ground,  and  is  preferable  for  rough  upland  mowing. 

No,  58. — Grain  Cradle. — Of  the  latest  and  most  approved  make, 

with  a  superior  scythe. 


Fig.  58. 

No.  59. — Revolving  Hay-Rake. — These  Rakes  are  among  the 

most  useful  of  inventions,  as  they  facilitate  the  saving  of  hay  from  sud- 
den showers  and  storms,  and  diminishes  the  necessary  help  required  in 
the  hay  season. 

With  this  Rake,  by  aman,  a  boy  and  a  horse,  from  15  to  25  acres  can 
be  raked  in  a  day.     It  can  be  used  on  quite  rough  ground 


Fio.  59. 


50 


AGRICTLTl'KAL    AND    HOKÏICTLTTRAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Wo.  60—  Mayher  &  Co's  Horse  Power,  with  Thresher  and 
Separator. — Of  Mayher  and  Co's  Two  and  Four-Hone  Powera  (See 
Figs.  GO,  GOJ-,  and  GC4)  wo  manufacture  two  sizes — one  to  be  driven  by 
two  horses,  and  the  other,  much  larger  and  stronger,  to  be  driven  b}'  four. 

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ACKICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


51 


walks  over,  up  to  the  pulley.  On  a  good  Threshing-machine,  (such  as 
we  make  to  go  with  them,) you  cm,  with  a  two-horse  power,  thresh  from 
150  to  200  bushels  of  wheat,  and  from  250  to  300  bushels  of  oats,  per 
day.  And  with  the  fourdiorse  power,  you  can  do  nearly  twice  the  work. 
They  require  from  two  to  three  men  or  boys  to  work  them.  They  ought 
to  be  kept  well  oiled  when  in  operation.  They  are  very  much  liked  by 
those  farmers  that  have  them  in  use.  They  have  taken  the  highest  premi- 
um at  the  New  York  State  Fair. 

Two  horse  power. 
W     "         "      . 

Two      "         "     Thresher  24  inch  cylinder, 
Four     "         «         "  30     "  " 

Belt,  forty  feet. 
Straw-Carrier  attached  to  either  Thresher, 


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AGRICTLTCRAL    AND    HORTICTLTTRAL    IMVLEM! 


Füg.  noi  represents  our  Threshing  Machine,  with  Straw-carrier  and 

Separator  attached. 


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The  band  should  not  be  less  than  40  feet  long  and  3|  inches  wide,  and 
should  not  be  too  tight.  It  is  better  it  should  slip  a  little,  so  that  if 
the  horses  make  a  sudden  start  they  will  not  meet  with  too  much  resist- 
ance. 

Rice  Threshers. — Planters  who  raise  but  a  small  quantity  of  rice 
will  find  the  above  grain  threshing  machines  both  convenient  and  eco- 
nomical ;  as  few  would  wish  to  go  to  the  expense  of*  the  machines 
which  are  constructed  especially  for  the  rice  regions. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


53 


CORN    SHELLERS. 

No.  61. — Hand  Corn-Shellers. — The  accompanying  cut  is  a  good 

representation  of  the  double  balance- 
wheel  machine.  This  is  believed  to  be 
one  of  the  most  efficient  and  durable 
shellers  ever  used  as  a  hand-sheller. 
Having  been  in  use  for  the  last  ten 
years  or  more,  and  having  had  some 
alight  improvement,  it  still  stands  at  the 
head  of  the  list  of  shellers  for  ease  of 
operation,  amount  of  work  and  dura- 
bility. With  two  men  200  bushels  of 
corn  are  shelled  per  day  :  or  with  two 
hoppers  and  large  balance-wheels, 
double  that  amount  can  be  done  with 
three  men.  It  is  equally  well-adapted 
for  the  large  ears  at  the  south  and  west 
as  for  the  smaller  ears  at  the  north. — 
They  have  a  balance-wheel  on  each 
side  :  this  balances  the  machine,  and  the  wear  of  the  shafts  is  more  equal 
and  durable.  It  is  about  one  and  a  half  by  two  and  a  half  feet  on  the 
floor,  and  three  and  a  half  feet  high.  With  the  single  hopper  it  weighs 
about  11 4lbs.  :  with  double  hopoer  and  balance-wheel  it  weighs  about 
I50lbs 


No.  62. — Virginia  Corn-Sheller. — This  machine  is  well  adapted 

for  shelling  ordinary  Virginia  and  Maryland  crops,  or  suitable  for  medium 


54  AGRICULTURAL  AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 

Corn  Planters.  They  may  be  worked  by  one  or  two  men,  or  by  horse- 
power,  and  will  shell  by  manual  labor  about  400  bushels,  or  by  horse- 
power  about  800  bushels  per  day.  As  regards  simplicity  of  construction 
this  machine  rates  A,  1  It  separates  the  corn  from  the  cob,  both  of 
which  are  left  unbroken,  and  in  the  best  possible  order. 


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AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


55 


No.  64.— Vertical  Cast-iron 

Com-Sheller. — The  Vertical  Corn- 
Sheller  is  a  hand-power  machine,  and 

has  been  in  successful  use  in  the  south- 
ern and  western  States  fur  at  least  30 
years.  The  construction  is  so  simple 
that  the  most  careless  hand  eau  scarce 
put  them  out  of  order — from  this  fact 
they  may  be  called  the  negro's  own 
corn-sheller.  Their  capacity  is  about 
200  bushels  per  day. 


Fig.   G  4. 

No.  65.— Goldsborough's  Patent  Com-Sheller  and  Shucking 

Machine. —  This  ma- 
chine is  worthy  the  ai  - 
tention  of  extensive  corn 
growers.    They  are  ca- 
pable of  shelling   130 
bushels  per  hour,  and 
are   warranted  to  shell 
1000  bushels  per  day. 
without  an  extra  effort. 
They  break  no  corn,  and 
leave  none  on  the  cob. 
It  will    also  husk  and 
shell  800  bushels  of  corn 
ier  day.   The  constvuc- 
jption  i>  remarkably  sim- 
==sü§jple  and  durable — mad  i 
jHfjBfpvith   Btudded  east-iron 
Jggjp cylinders,   set    over    a 
UEÜyü^"    spring  concave,  formed 
Fig.  65.  of     twisted     revolving 

wrought-iron  bars,  which  admirable  and    simple    plan   produces  an  ease, 
security  and  rapidity  of  performance  that  is  truly  astonishing. 


56 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Fig.  66. 


No.  66.— Bark  Mill  and  Com 
and  Cob  Crusher. — This  is  the  com- 
mon Bark  Mill  of  the  tanners,  but  is 
sometimes  made  of  smaller  size.  It  is 
used,  also,  to  prepare  the  corn  and  cob 
for  grinding  in  the  ordinary  grist-mill. 
Experience  has  fully  tested  the  utility  of 
feeding  the  corn  and  the  cob-meal  to- 
gether in  fattening  cattle  or  swine 
Whether  the  nourishment  in  the  cob  be 
more  or  less,  it  affects  the  digestion  and 
keeps  the  animals  in  a  better  state  of 
health,  and  prevents  them  from  becom- 
ing surfeited  from  overfeeding.  Corn 
meal  ground  with  the  cob  becomes  a 
more  safe  feed  tor  horses  than  when  it 
is  ground  alone. 


No.  67.— Corn  and 
Cob  Crusher. — In  this 
machine  the  cobs  are  first 
cut  in  short  pieces  by  means 
of  a  strong  spiral  knife  at- 
tached to  the  axle,  and  then 
parses  between  two  grind- 
ing plates  made  of  compo- 
sition metal,  that  will  last 
some  two  or  three  years  and 
be  then  replaced  by  new 
ones.  Duplicate  plates  may 
be  ordered  with  the  machine. 
They  are  worked  by  hand  or 
horse-power. 


Fig.  67. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


57 


IT.;.    68. 


No.  68.— Hand  and  Horse 
Grain-Mill.— H)i-  is  a  very 
durable  and  efficient  machine, 
simple  in  construction,  and  not 
liable  to  get  out  of  order. — 
Willi  one-horse  power  it  will 
grind  four  bushels  of  fine  meal 
per  hour,  and  more  it' the  meal 
is  coarse.  Lake  No.  07,  when 
the  grinding  plates  are  worn 
out  others  can  be  put  in.  Du- 
plicate plates  ran  always  be 
furnished.  It  is  also  calculated 
to  be  worked  by  one  or  two 
men,  and  will  grind  half  the 
above  quantity.  The  screw  D 
is   the   regulator 


No.  69.— Hand  Grain- 
Mill. — The  annexed  cut  rep- 
resents a  very  convenient  pur- 
table  hand-mill,  fur  use  on 
plantations,  or  by  persons  liv- 
ing remote  from  any  public 
mill.  It  will  grind  from  one 
to  two  bushels  per  hour,  and 
is  well  fitted  tor  grinding  cof- 
fee ani  spices.  This  mill  can, 
however,  be  propelled  I  y  water 
Or  other   power.       The    plates 

can  be  replaced  when  worn 
out — as  in  other  iron  mills. — 
The  attachment  of  hois.-  pow- 
er to  the  propulsion  of  milk, 
^~?       etc.,  is  shown  in  Fig.    60. 


Fig.  69. 

Besides  the  above  we  have  Coffee  and  Grain  Mills  of  a  Smaller 

5lZE,  which  will  be  sold  at  less  price. 


We  have  also  Fitzgerald's  Patent  Burr- Stone  Mills. 


58 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


No.  70. — Rice  and  Coffee  Huiler. — We  have  various  patterns 
of  these  machines  that  will  hull  from  two  to  ten  bushels  per  hour,  ac- 
cording to  the  size  of  the  machine. 


Fig.  70. 

No.  71.— Portable  Stone  Grain-Mill, 
—For  Hand,  Horse,  or  Mule  Power. — 

This  cut  represents  a  mill  for  corn,  wheat,  or 
plaster.  They  are  made  of  the  best  French 
stone,  and  are  of  different  sizes.  They  are 
very  durable,  and  of  a  construction  so  simple 
that  they  do  not  easily  get  out  of  order. — 
They  are  easily  regulated  to  grind  coarse  or 
fine,  at  the  will  of  the  operator. 

When  the  stones  become  worn  they  can 
be  pecked  up  with  a  pecking-tool. 
We  have  on  hand  of  the  following  sizes,  viz  : — 
13  inches  in  diameter,  250lbs.  weight,  2  feet  square,  4  feet  high. — 
Grinds  3  bushel  per  hour. 

16  inches  in  diameter,  400lbs,  weight,  2  feet  square,  4  feet  high. — 
Grinds  4  bushels  per  hour. 

20  inches  in  diameter,  7  00lbs.  weignt,  2  feet  8  in.  square,  4  feet  high. 
Grinds  5  bushels  per  hour. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


59 


24  inches  in  diameter,  lOOOlbs.  weight,  3  feet  square,  4  feet  6  in.  high. 
Grinds  6  bushels  per  hour. 

30  inches  in  diameter,  1400ms.  weignt,  3  feet  G  in.  square,  4  feet  6  in. 
Iiigh.     Grinds  7  bushel   per  hour. 

The  13  or  16  inch  mills  may  be  woriced  by  two  men  or  a  mule. 

20  and  24  inch  mills  by  2  mules  or  a  horse. 

30  inch  "       "  4  mules  or  horses. 

These  horse-powers  are  made  of  good  material  and  are  as  aurao.e  as 
the  mills.  They  can  be  applied  to  various  purposes.  They  can  easily 
be  taken  down  and  packed  for  transportation.  For  description  see  page 
35  of  this  Catalogue. 

No.  72. — Sugar  Crusher. — These  machines  are  in  much  demand 
by  grocersaml  others.  The  sugar  is  crushed  as  taken  from  the  hogshead, 
thereby  equalizing  the  moisture  of  that  taken  from  the  sides  and  bottom, 
and  much  improving  the  appearance  of  the  sugar.  They  are  turned  by 
hand,  easily  kept  in  order,  and  will  crush  from  6  to  12  hogsheads  per 
day,  according  to  size. 


No.  73.—  Patent    Straw-Cutter—  These  machines  are 

thought  to  excel  all  others  for  cutting  hay,  straw  or  cornstalks.  The 
knives  being  supported  by  wings  cast  on  the  cylinder  are  rendered  suffi- 
ciently strong  to  cut  the  largest  cornstalks  with  great  ease  and  dispatch; 


CO 


AGRICULTURAL  AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


and  as  the  knives  are  regulated  by  set-screws  it  gives  them  a  great  ad 
vantage  over  all  other  cylinder  cutters  in  use.  There  are  other  cylinder 
cutters,  the  knives  of  which  are  fastened  with  rings  at  the  end,  without 
wings  to  support  them  ;  and  on  all  such  cutters  the  knives  are  wholly 
unadjustable,  except  with  keys  or  wedges. 


No.  1  Cutter — with    8    knives. 


2 

U 

8          " 

2 

u 

10          " 

3 

u 

8         " 

3 

u 

10         " 

4 

u 

8          " 

4 

a 

10          " 

5 

a 

10          " 

Green's  Cutter, 

a 

12          » 

tt 

18          " 

u 

24          " 

power 


No.  75.— Cyl- 
indrical Straw- 
Cutter. — This  is 

made  for  hand  or 
horse  power,  and 
varies  in  dimension 
accordingly.  The 
spiral  knives  B,  B 
revolve  and  act  on 
a  bed  of  steel  in 
such  a  way  as  to 
supersede  the  ne- 
cessity of  a  very 
iharp  edge.  This 
will  cut  hay,  stalks, 
straw,  and  other 
fodder,  with  great 
dispatch,  and  do 
its  work  quite  well. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HÖBTICÜLTÜBAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Gl 


N0i  76. —Vegetable  Cutter.— This  is   need  for  etttting  potatoes, 
carrots,  and  other  root»,  for  hort  a  càttlé  and  Bheep.      The  cutting-vrheel 

is  made  from  cast-iron,  with  timbers  projecting  like  plane-irons,  which 
slice  the  vegetable  thin,  while  another  Bet  of  trimmers  cut  these  slices 
into  slips,  so  there  is  no  danger  of  choking  the  animal  when  they  are 
eaten. 


CUTTING    OF    FOOD    FOR    CATTLE. 

Some  of  the  advantages  resulting  from  the  use  of  the  machines  for 
cutting  of  fodder,  may  be  stated — 

1st.  The  saving  of  fodder;  as  tfaste  is  prevented  in  oats,  and  in  hay. 
Arc,  that  is  liable  to  be  pulled  from  the  rack  and  trodden  under  foot. 
The  juices  in  the  heavy  butts  and  corn-stalks  are  as  nutricious  as  those 
in  the  lighter  portions  of  fee  fodder,  while  the  hard  shells  and  surfaces 
cover  those  to  be  refused,  when  they  are  uncut. 

2nd.  The  hard  surfaces,  when  made  tine,  have  a  sort  of  medicinal 
property,  in  giving  tone  to  the  digestive  organs,  and  a  healthy  action  to 

the  whole  system.  .     ,     .  ,  .  ,  ■,      •       ,•      j    * 

3d.  The  feeding  of  grain  when  mixed  with  cut  fodder  is  relieved  oi 
its  tendency  to  bind  the  action  of  the  bowels,  and  made  to  contribute  its 
full  nourishment  to  the  healthy  support  of  the  animal  to  which  it  thus 
fed. 


62 


AGRICULTURAL  AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Tlie  great  advantages  as  well  as  saving  that  are  secured  by  these  Straw 
Cutters  is  sufficient  to  commend  them  for  use  on  every  farm  and  planta- 
tion. Add  to  thi<  the  fact  that  their  use  can  occupy  a  season  of  the  year 
when  the  time  could  not  be  devoted  to  other  pursuits  with  the  same  profit. 

Both  straw  and  hay  should  be  seasoned  with  a  little  salted  meal,  after 
being  slightly  wet,  several  hours  before  being  fed  to  the  stock. 

We  have  various  kinds  of  straw  cutters  in  addition  to  those  already 
specially  noted.  The  simple  hand  cutter  is  only  useful  where  but  a  small 
amount  of  work  is  to  be  done,  and  where  but  one  or  two  cows,  or  other 
animals  are  kept.  Any  considerable  stock  requires  our  larger  ma- 
chines, more  effective  adaptation,  and  calculated  for  horse  or  other  pow- 
er. These  machines  will  cut  hay,  stalks,  and  shucks,  \.  ry  fast,  and  with 
the  greatest  ease.  They  are  perfect  self-feeders,  without  the  appendage 
of  complicated  machinery  for  this  purpose — the  whole  being  of  simple 
construction,  and  not  liable  to  get  ont  of  repair. 

We  have  larger-sized  machinery  for  cutting  sugar-cane. 


No.  77.— Improved  Corn- 
Cracker. — A  superior  invention 
for  cracking  corn  and  cobs,  pre- 
vious to  passing  through  mill- 
stones, and  for  grinding  the  same 
suitable  for  provender.  Also,  for 
cracking  corn  alone  suitable  for 
hominy,  and  the  use  of  stables. 
Also,  for  cracking  drugs  ;  hem- 
lock bark  for  tanning,  and  hard 
coal  for  forges. 


Fig.  11. 
No.  78. — Ox-Yokes  and  BOWS. — We  have  these  articles  construct- 
ed on  the  best  models,  for  ease  and  adaptation  in  their  use.  A  bad  ox- 
yoke  wastes  the  strength  of  the  team,  and  often,  by  chafing  the  neck, 
produces  the  most  serious  evils.  In  the  article  we  furnish  there  is  a  most 
perfect  adjustment  in  its  shape  to  the  various  pressures  to  which  it  is 
subjected. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    IIOUTICTLTCItAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


63 


No.  79.— Improved  Ventilating 
Smut  Machine.— This  machine  Las 
taken  the  premium  at  8  different  Fairs, 
and  is  one  of  those  articles  that  improves 

its  reputation  the  lunger  it,  is  used.  It 
has  been  so  long  before  the  public,  and 
given  such  perfect  satisfaction,  that  its 
further  notice  will  not  be  necessary 
here.  They  are  of  different  sizes  and 
prices. 


VARIOUS  FARMING  IMPLEMENTS,  FOR  DITCHING 
GARDENING,  Etc. 

No.  80.— Scraper  and  Hoe. 


Fig.  801, 


Fig.  80. 
A  Garden  Shuffler  and  light  hoe.     The  first  is  of- 
ten made  small,  with  a  short  handle,  like  Fig.  80^ — 
from  three  to  twelve  inches  wide — used  to  stir  the 
earth  and   to  cut  up  the  weeds    in  the  garden. 


64 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Hoes,  Spades,  Picks,  Shovels,  Etc. 
B.  C. 


D. 


No.  81. — A,  is  a  Field  or  Bog  Hoe — strong  and  heavy. 
No,  82— B,  A  hoe  with  a  pick. 
No.  83. — C,  A  Spoon  Shovel,  for  digging  post-holes. 
No.  84, — D,  a  round-pointed  Spade  or  Shovel. 

We  have  also  common  Hoes,  of  different  kinds  and  sizes,  of  a  superior 
finish,  made  expressly  for  cultivating  Sugar,  Cotton,  &c. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 
B. 


66 


Wo.  85.— Manure  Forks.— These  are  cut 
out  of  a  Hat  liar  of  Bteel,  and,  being  fashioned 
into  the  proper  shape,  are  spring-tempered,  so 
that  they  will  retain  their  proper  shape  with 
"ifting  the  heaviest  weight.  The  lifting  of  a  half 
pound  of  unnecessary  weight  on  a  fork  to  every 
ten  pounds  of  manure  or  matter  amounts  to 
the  raising  of  an  extra  hundred  pounds  in 
every  ton. 

We  also  keep  common  manure  forks,  of  all 
kinds  and  sizes. 


No.  86. — Cast-iron  Dlrt- 
Scrapers,  or  Ox-Shovels— This 

artiele  is  of  the  most  convenient 
shape  for  use  on  the  plantation  or 
in  road-making,  or  any  place  that 
dirt  is  to  be  removed  or  deposited, 
where  carting  is  not  necessary. 


No.  87. — Wheel  Barrows. — Of  these  we  have   several   kinds. — 
For  Canal  Barron  see,  page  45  of  this  Catalogue. 


Fig.  87. 


68 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


No.  88.— Hand  Truck.— Th^  m  designed  for  use  in  stores  in  tho 
ing  of  boxes,  &c.     We  manufacture  several  sizes. 


Fig.  88. 


No.  89.— The  Bush 
or  Root-Puller.— The 

design  of  this  is  to  hook 
on  to  the  roots  or  a 
clump  of  bushes  and 
pull  them  up.  In  grub- 
bing alder  bottoms  they 
are  of  great  convenience. 


Fig.  89. 


No.  90. — Fire-Proof  Iron  Chests,  in  which  title- 
deeds,  notes  and  jewelry,  plate  and  money,  can  be  pre- 
served from  destruction  by  fire,  and  secured  from  ordi- 
nary attempts  at  robbery. 

We  can  furnish  these  safes  of  any  dimension,  as  re- 
quired. 

Fan  PTills, — Besides  the  Mill  described  on  page  25,  we  manufacture 
several  kinds  of  Fan  Mills  at  a  cheaper  rate,  but  a  good,  strong,  and 
efficient  article. 


We  have  also         Grant  &  Co's,  Grain  Cradles. 

Saw  Mills.-  -For  sawing  large  or  small  logs  with  greater  or  less  ex- 
oedition,  according  to  their  construction,  cost  and  size. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


67 


No.  91. — Brick  Machine. — We  can  furnish  these  machines  to  or- 
der, of  different  patterns,  and  dimensions.  They  are  worked  by  hand, 
and  will  accomplish  the  work  of  two  or  three  moulders  by  the  old  me- 
thod. Those  make  a  very  superior  pressed  brick,  which  for  quality 
brings  the  highest  market  price.  Several  of  these  machines  placed  in 
one  yard  might  be  worked  by  a  steam  engine,  instead  of  the  common 
horse  power,  for  grinding  the  clay 


No.  92. — Glass  Milk  Pans — Furnished  to  order,  with  or  without 
covers,  holding  from  6  to  12  quart-.  These  are  a  superior  article,  being 
easily  kept  sweet  and  clean,  and  not  subject  to  be  affected  by  electric 
changes  in  the  atmosphere.  Those  who  sometimes  lose  from  fifty  to 
a  hundred  pans  of  milk  merely  from  the  effects  of  a  thunder  s>torm  will 
appreciate  this  advantage. 


GS 


MAYHER    <fc    CO  5    CATALOGUE    07 


Fig.  »3. 


No.  93. — This  is  a  representation  of  one  of  the  best  mowing 
machines.  It  is  now  so  well  known  it  is  unnecessary  to  describe 
it  much  here.  It  will  cut  an  acre  of  any  kind  of  grass  in  an  hour, 
with  one  pair  of  horses,  and  it  has  been  done  in  40  minutes.  The 
whole  machine  weighs  7501bs.  It  will  work  as  well  ou  rolling 
land  or  hill-sides  as  it  will  on  plain,  level  land. 


AGRICULTURAL   AND    HORTICULTURAL   IMPLEMENTS. 


69 


o 


e 


No.  95, — Chums  with  Thermometers. — The  Cylindrical  Chums 
with  Thermometer  in  the  side  are  quite  useful  in  determining  the  tem- 
perature of  the  cream,  and  when  the  churning  should  commence,  (at  55° 
Fahrenheit,)  and  the  rise  of  the  temperature  as  the  churniug  progresses, 
and  at  what  temperature  and  the  proper  heat  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
churning,  (from  63°  to  65°)  to  produce  the  greatest  amount  of  but- 
ter in  the  least  time.  They  have  double  metalic  bottoms,  in  which  ice  or 
cold  or  warm  water  may  be  placed,  to  regulate  the  temperature. 


70 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


No.  96.—     Mayher  &  Co  s 

Superior  Chmn.— This  cut  rep- 
resents a  Chum  made  by  us,  which 
is  considered  the  best  and  cheapest 
kind  now  in  use.  It  is  a  very  sim- 
ple and  durable  article,  and  so 
ananged  that  the  paddle  or  dash- 
er can  be  taken  out  in  a  moment, 
so  that  the  butter  can  be  skimmed 
off  and  the  churn  washed  out  in  a 
v«  rv  short  time.  It  will  make 
butter  from  cream  in  ten  or  fifteen 
minutes.  "We  make  several  sizes, 
varying  in  price 

No.  1  Churn,  ca.cmatea  ior  one 
or  two  c  ma. 

No.  2  Churn  calculated  for  two 
to  six  cows. 

No.  3  Churn,  calculated  for  six 
to  twelve  cows. 


Fie.  96. 


Fig.  97. 

No.  97. — Eagle  Improved  Cotton  Gin. — The  Improved  Cotton 

Gin  is  considered  the  best  article  in  use,  by  those  who  have  tried  them. 
They  are  cheap  and  durable.  They  do  the  work  to  perfection.  We 
have  them  for  hand,  horse,  or  other  power 

Hand-power  Gin,  from  12  to  20  saws. 

Horse-power  Gin,  from  30  to  50  saws. 

Cylinder  with  10  inch  saws  should  have  175  revolutions  per  minute. 
With  12  saws,  160  revolutions.     W7ith  13  saws,  150  revolutions. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


71 


Orders  received  for  any  of  the  following  articles,  with  competent  engi- 
neer, if  required,  for  rittiiiL--  them  up,  viz:  Cast-Iron  Fountains,  Figures 
and  Shells,  Fire  Engines,  Double-Acting  Force  Pumps,  Filtering  Machines, 
Air  Pumps,  Wind-Mills,  Water-Wbeels,  Leather  Hose  and  Hose  Coup- 
ling-Screws, Lead  Pip*.',  Brass  Work,  &c,  &c. 


No.  98.— Cast-iron  Fountains. 


Fig.  98. 

These  fountains  are  furnished  us  by  the  manufacturers,  in  every  variety 
of  style,  size,  and  workmanship,  to  suit  the  different  classes  of  architec- 
ture or  localities  which  they  may  be  intended  to  adorn.  We  can  sup- 
ply them  to  order  at  the  lowest  rates. 


72 


AGRICl'LTCRAL  AND    HOKTKTLÏ  URAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


Fig.  99. 
No.  99. — This  engraving  represents  a  high-pre-sure  Steam  Engine, 
admirably  adapted  to  manufacturing  purposes  where  room  is  valuable,  as 
it  occupies  little  space.  They  are  of  great  strength  and  excellent  work- 
manship. Ten -horse  power,  cylinder  9  inches  diameter,  22  inches  stroke, 
$1200.  Five-horse  power,  cylinder  6  inches  in  diameter,  16  inches 
stroke,  $750.     Boilers  for  same,  extra. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS.  13 


Fig.  100. 
No.  100.— Hydrostatic  Press. — Tins  Press  is  of  tremendous  pow- 
er and  suitable  to  be  adapted  to  a  great  variety  of  purpose,  such  as  the 
pressing  of  cloths,  paper,  cotton  ;  expressing  oils  from  seeds,  raising  up 
of  buildings,  &c,  &c.  Eight-inch  ram,  with  single  pump,  platen  40  by 
26  inches,  $800.  10  inch  do.,  platen  44  by  28,  $1,100.  12  do.,  45  by 
32,  $1,200.     The  cylinders  are  wruiigh  iron. 


Ï4  AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 


No.  101.— Portable  Steam  Engine  tmu  toiler. 


AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL   IMPLEMENTS. 


75 


The  foregoing  cut  (101)  represents  a  vertical  tubular  boiler,  with  a 
steam  engine  attached.  A  cylinder. containing  a  coil  of  copper  pipe  re- 
ceives the  exhaust  steam  ;  the  cold  water  from  the  pump  passes  through 
this  coil  and  becomes  heated  before  it  reaches  the  boiler.  The  whole  is 
so  constructed  as  not  to  require  any  extra  foundation  or  extraneous  bra- 
cing.    It  occupies  about  4  feet  square  and  is  8  feet  high. 

Cylinder  5  inches  in  diameter,  10  inch  stroke — from  3  to  4  horse- 
power, $000. 


No.  102,  Grind-Stones. 

Those  are  hung  on  friction 
rollers  and  moved  with  a 
treadle;  the  person  grind- 
ing turning  the  stone  with- 
out  assistance. 


Fig.  102. 


No,  103.-  -Blacksmith's  Porta- 
ble Forge  and   Bellows.— These 

are  compact,  of  light  weight.  They 
can  be  used  out  of  doors  or  in,  as  cir- 
cumstances require.  They  suit  all  des- 
criptions of  work,  from  that  of  the 
dentist  and  jeweller  to  that  of  the  smith. 


1  îl.'.eksmitn  s  tools,  of  every,  descrip- 
jjlifef  tion,  can  be  furnished  to  order. 

Fig.  103. 

No.  104.—  Garden  Seed-Sower.— This  is  an  excellent 

machine,  and   only  requires  testing  to  become  a  great  favorite  of  the 
agriculturalist. 

Directions  for  Use. — There  are  four  holes  on  one  side  of  the  wheel 


76  AGRICULTURAL    AND    HORTICULTURAL    IMPLEMENTS. 

and  three  holes  on  the  other  side.  The  threads  in  those  holes  are  cut 
with  a  left-hand  tap.  The  thread  on  the  cams  are  cut  with  left-hand 
dies.  These  cams  are  to  be  turned  in  with  the  ringers  on  the  left-hand, 
and  are  to  raise  the  clapper  which  uncovers  the  seed- hole  to  let  the  seed 
drop.  Four  cams  are  enough  to  sow  carrot  or  onion  seed  in  the  drill, 
because  the  machine  is  so  made  that  the  seed  will  drop  twice  at  the  op- 
eration of  a  cam.  To  sow  beet  or  rutta  baga  seed  in  the  hill  use  only 
two  cams.  If  two  is  not  enough,  then  take  off  the  wheel  and  put  the 
other  side  of  the  wheel  to  the  clapper,  and  use  three  cams.  Be  careful 
never  to  leave  any  cams  in  the  wheels  except  those  in  present  use.  Turn 
off  two  nuts — one  on  each  side  of  the  hopper.  Next  turn  off  the  hop- 
per and  raise  that  end  of  the  seed-slide  which  is  next  to  the  wheel.  In 
order  to  sow  carrot  seed,  place  the  carrot-seed  plate  in  the  bed  over  the 
conductor,  then  let  the  seed-slide  drop  down  to  its  place,  and  then  the 
hopper,  and  it  is  ready  for  use.  Be  careful  never  to  draw  the  machine 
backwards.  The  seed-plate  which  has  the  largest  hole  is  for  beet  seed  ; 
the  next  largest  hole  is  for  carrot  seed  ;  the  third  for  onion  seed  ;  the 
fourth  for  rata  baga.  Be  careful  never  to  let  oil  or  grease  touch  the 
seed  slide  or  plates. 


Fig.  104. 

Fence  Wire. — This  material  is  fast  coming  into  common  use  for  fen- 
cing, possessing  as  it  does  the  advantages  of  durability,  economy  and 
beauty.  It  is  cheaper  than  any  other  means  of  inclosure  now  in  use. 
We  furnish  different  sizes  to  order. 

Mining  and  Blasting  Tools,  for  home  or  California  use,  furnished 
in  all  their  varieties,  at  short  notice. 

Pruning  Knives. — We  have  just  received  an  assortment  of  these 
knives  admirably  adapted  to  Pruning,  Budding,  <fec.  They  are  of  various 
forms  and  sizes. 

Wo.  105. — Sugar-Cane  Hills. — We  manufacture  these  at  our 
foundry  in  this  city,  of  all  sizes,  for  Hand,  Horse,  or  Steam  Power.  They 
are  made  either  vertical  or  horizontal,  as  ordered.     The  horizontal  rollers 


FOR    SALE    BY    MAYHER    A    CO. 


77 


are  considered  the  most  economical,  both  as  regards  power  and  the 
saving  of  juice.  Great  improvement  has  recently  been  made  in 
these  mills  within  the  last  year. 


Fig.   105. 


"No.  106.— Improved  Boring  Ma- 
chine.— This  Machine  is  simple  in  its 
construction  and  operation  ;  it  is  readily  at- 
tached to  the  top  of  the  timber,  when  the 
workman  sits  himself  across  it,  operating 
the  auger  by  turning  the  two  cranks,  one 
with  each  hand,  and  readily  performs  quad- 
ruple the  amount  of  work,  more  perfectly 
with  much  more  ease,  avoiding  entirely  the  wrenching  and 
more  laborious  operation  of  turning  the  Common  Auger.  By  ship- 
ping a  gear,  and  the  same  motion  of  the  cranks,  the  auger  is  quickly 
drawn  out,  leaving  the  hole  clear  of  chips.  They  are  neatly  finished, 
light  and  portable,  and  but  2  feet  3  inches  long,  and  2  feet  high. 

A  set  of  3  Augers  is  fitted  to  each  Machine,  comprising  1,  1£ 
and  2  inches,  18  qrs.  Extra  augers,  and  other  sizes  furnished  to 
order. 

For  transportation  they  are  packed,  6,  with  the  augers,  in  a  box 
24-  feet  square. 


and 


78  AGRICCLTCRAL    AXD    HORTICULTTR  AL    IMPLEMENTS. 


MAYHER  &  COS  FOUNDRY  &  MACHINE  SHOP. 


Our  Factory  and  Machine  Shops  are  located  at  550  &  552 
"V\  ater-street,  and  292  and  294  Cherry-street,  where  we  are  pre 
pared  to  furnish  Machine  Castings  with  prompt  dispatch.  Ma- 
chinery or  Implements  of  any  kind  manufactured  to  order  from 
specifications,  models    or  drawings. 

This  concern  has  now  been  established  twenty-five  years,  and 
our  experience  in  the  business,  besides  our  large  collection  of 
models  and  patterns,  which  have  increased  during  that  time,  gives 
us  an  advantage  over  all  similar  concerns  in  the  United  States  to 
furnish  any  kind  of  Implements  or  Tools  appertaining  to  Agri- 
culture  at    the   shortest  notice. 


FOR    SALE    BY    MATIIKIt    4    CO. 


79 


PRICES  OF  UNENUMERATED  ARTICLES. 


Axes— Collins',  Hunt's,  Simmon's.  Davis',  etc.,  etc.,  from  $1  to  $1  25. 
Axes,  half,  50  cts.  to  75  cts. 
Apple  Parers,  75  cts.  to  $2  50. 
Augers,  Post-hole,  $4  50  to  $5  50. 

Beam,  Scale,  50,  100,  15Ö,  200,  and  250  lbs.,  $2  25  per   beam.      For 

each  additional  hundred,  75  cts. 
Bows,  Ox,  25  cts.  to  50  cts.  per  pair. 
Bow-keys,  Ox,  121  cts.  to  25  cts.  per  pair. 
Brushes,  Horse,  75  cts  to  $1  25. 
Brushes,  Caterpillar,  31  cts.  each. 

Clover  Hullers,  $20  to  $80. 

Currycombs.      Cranks,  various  kinds,  &c,  <fcc 

Chains,  Trace,  50  cts.  to  75  cts.  per  pair. 

Do.    Dog.  Halter,  Cattle  Ties,  &c,  &c.,  25  cts.  to  50  eta. 
Crowbars,  8  cts.  to  10  cts.  per  lb. 
Corn  Hooks,  50  cts.  each. 
Chains,  Ox  and  Log,  9  cts.  to  12£  cts. 
Cheese  Hoops,  25  cts.  each. 
Cattle  Cards,  brass  and  iron,  25  cts.  to  50  cts. 

Ditching  Spades,  75  cts.,  to  §1  25. 

Engines,  Plantation,  $40  to  $150. 

Fleams,  38  cts.  to  50  cts. 
Flails,  63  cts.  to  87  cts. 

Garden  Pumps,  Cooper's,  $5  50 
Garden  Syringes,  $1  to  *G. 


80  PRICES    OF    UXENTMERATED    ARTICLES. 

Grain  Measures,  $1  to  S2  per  set. 

Grind-stone  Kollers,  75  cts.  to  88  cts.  per  set. 

Grape  Cutters,  50  cts.  to  $2  50. 

Garden  Reels,  75  cents. 

Gin  gear  castings,  3£  cts.  to  4-J  cts.  per  lb. 

Grass  Hooks,  38  ets.  to  63  cts. 

Grafting  Saws,  63  cts.  to  $1  50. 

Garden  Lines,  25  cts. 


Hatehels,  $10  to  $30  per  set. 
Hooks,  Manure,  75  cts.  to  $1. 
Hooks,  Potatoe,  50  ets.  to  $1  50. 
Hammers,  75  cts.  to  $1  50  per  pair. 
Handles — Hoe,  Shovel,  Fork,  &c. 


Knives — Hay  and  Straw,  §1  to  $1  50. 

Do.      Peat  and  Pitching,  $1  to  $2. 

Do.      Budding  and  Pruning,  50  ets.  to  $1. 

Do.      Cane,  50  cts.  to  $1  25. 

Do.      Farrier,  38  cts.  to  50  cts. 
Knobs,  Ox,  12£  cts.  to  25  cts. 

Lime,  from  4  cents  to  8  cents  per  bushel. 

Mortising  Machines,  $30  to  $50. 
Mills,  Paint.  $6  to  $16. 
Mattocks,  bandied,  81  -', to  $1  50. 
Muzzles,  Ox,  38  cts.  to  75  cts.  per  pair. 

Pickaxes,  75  cts.  to  $1  25. 

Potatoe  Hooks  and  Forks,  50  cts.  to  $1  50. 

Riddles,  Fan,  75  cts.  to  Si. 

Rein  Snaps,  V2\  to  25  cts. 

Rollers,  $1  50  per  set. 

Rat  Traps,  75  cents. 

Rifles,  Scythe,  6  cts.  to  12^  cts.  each. 

Saws,  Circular.  $5  to  $25. 

Do.   Cross-cut,  v4  to  $10. 

Do.    Hand.  <fcc. 
Shears,  Sheep  and  Horse,  75  cts.  to  $1  25. 


PRICES    OF    UNENUMERATED    ARTICLES.  81 

Stones,  Scythe,  Quinnebaug  and  Indian  pond,  G  a  cts.  to  121.  eta. 
Sickles.  38  cts.  to  75  cts. 

Twigg  Cutters,  50  cts.  to  $2. 
Tallies,  Garden,  $2  25  to  $3  50  per  hundred- 
Wheels  Cart  and  Wagon,  $30  to  $50. 
Washing  Machines,  $5  to  $10. 
Wheel  Pulleys,  $1  to  $1  25. 

Whiffletrees,  double,  $3  to  $3  50  ;  single,  $1  to  $1  60. 
Wrenches,  patent,  $1  50  to  $2. 

Do.       Malleable,  50  cts. 
Wheel  Heads,  50  to  75  cts. 

Yokes,  Neck,  $2  25. 

Do.  Ox,  §1  to  $1  50;  ironed,  $2  50  to  $5. 

Vanes,  $10  to  $25. 


S3T  At  wholesale  a  liberal  discount  will  be  made  from  the  above 
prices. 


S2  MAVÏIER    A    CO'S    CATALOGUE    OF 


REMARKS   ON   SOILS, 


Stiff  clay  should  always  be  kept  in  grass,  for,  owing  to  their  adhesive 

ness,  it  is  difficult  to  cultivate  them.  They  will  not  pay  for  doing  so  at 
the  present  prices  of  produce  and  labor.  Besides,  if  properly  taken  care 
of  and  occasionally  manured,  their  average  yield  of  grass  is  a  good  one, 
and  it  does  not  run  out,  as  in  most  other  soils.  Loamy  and  sandy  soils 
should  be  kept  in  a  rotation  of  crops  ;  and  the  lighter  the  soil  the  harder 
it  may  be  worked  in  this  way,  provided  it  be  well  manured  after  each 
crop  h  taken  from  it,  as  it  exhausts  itself  more  rapidily  than  a  loam,  and 
above  all  a  clayey  soil.  The  latter  is  cold,  inert  and  sluggish,  and,  like 
an  unwieldy  animal,  cannot  be  roused  beyond  a  certain  production. 

We  are  great  advocates  for  stirring  the  ground  deep.  This  is  best 
done  with  a  sub-soil  plough,  which  loosens  the  substratum  without  turn- 
ing it  up  to  the  surface.  Subsoils  are  rarely  as  rich  as  surface  soils  ;  they 
should  therefore  be  brought  up  and  mixed  with  the  surface  soil  no  faster 
than  they  can  be  enriched  and  made  equal  to  them.  A  rich  surface  soil 
may  be  turned  up  to  any  depth.  For  example,  in  alluvial  bottoms,  when 
a  depth  of  six  inches  of  soil  has  been  cultivated  till  it  has  become  some- 
what exhausted,  by  turning  up  an  additional  inch  or  more  it  gives  fresh 
rich  earth  to  the  cultivated  surface,  and  is  equivalent  to  a  good  manuring. 
Trench  or  deep  ploughing,  under  such  circumstances,  is  very  beneficial. 

THE    GARDEN. 

In  garden  culture  greater  pains  should  be  taken  than  in  field  culture, 
because  the  products  there  are  required  to  be  of  superior  quality,  and  it 
is  desirable  to  make  the  most  of  the  land,  to  say  nothing  about  the  eye 
being  gratified  with  its  tidy  appearance.  It  should  be  sheltered  from 
cold  winds,  have  a  southern  or  eastern  aspect,  if  possible,  and  warm,  dry 
soil  for  all  early  vegetables.  Later  products  may  be  put  on  a  colder 
soil.  The  deeper  the  ground  is  stirred  and  enriched  the  better.  One 
foot  is  the  least  depth  that  a  good  gardener  will  be  satisfied  with,  and  if 
he  can  turn  up  aud  enrich  the  soil  to  18  inches  or  two  feet,  so  much  the 
better.  Indeed,  with  asparagus  and  some  other  products,  the  latter  depth 
is  absolutely  necessary  to  produce  a  wood  crop 

(82) 


SEEDS.  83 

GRASSES. 

Blue,  or  June  Grass  makes  the  besl  lawns — growing  fine  and  thick. 
The  turf  is  firm  and  elastic  under  the  foot,  coupled  with  a  velvet  smooth- 
ness and  softness  which  no  other  grass  in  the  Union  can  produce.  It 
should  be  BOWn  at  the  rate  of  5  to  10  lbs.  per  acre,  in  the  autumn  or 
winter  at  the  South,  and  early  in  the  spring  at  the  North.  Top-dress 
with  plenty  of  lime,  plaster,  and  ashes. 

Iïed  Clover. — This  is  one  of  the  most  important  crops  in  United  the 
States.  It  grows  readily  on  almost  any  soil,  from  Maine  to  Texas,  and 
under  proper  treatment  almost  anywhere  yields  profitable  returns.  By 
large  numbers  of  fanners  it  is  used  extensively  as  a  fertilizer  in  their  ro- 
tation for  wheat,  and  for  this  purpose  nothing  can  be  better.  It  also  af- 
fords one  of  the  most  profitable  crops  of  hay.  It  does  well  when  sown 
with  orchard  grass,  as  the  two  ripen  about  the  same  time.  All  soils  are 
suited  to  it,  if  dry  and  fertile.  It  should  be  cut  when  the  bulk  of  the 
blossoms  are  turning  brown,  and,  after  lying  in  the  swath  until  wilted, 
turned  over  without  spreading, raked  and  cocked  the  same  day,  and  when 
sufficiently  cured  in  the  cock,  put  in  store  with  the  addition  of  a  few 
quarts  of  salt  to  every  load.  From  8  to  16  lbs.  of  good  seed  is  re- 
quired for  an  acre,  more  being  necessary  on  stiff  or  old  soils  than  on  new 
and  lighter  ones. 

"White  Clover. — This  is  a  valuable  herbage  for  pastures,  but  does 
not  grow  to  a  sufficient  size  for  profitable  hay,  except  for  sheep  stock. 
Sow  from  4  to  8  lbs.  per  acre. 

Lucerne. — This  is  cultivated  to  considerable  extent  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  cities.  Jt  requires  a  very  deep,  rich  loam,  as  it  sends  down  its 
long  tap  roots  to  the  depth  of  two  to  five  feet.  It  must  be  kept  clear 
of  weeds  the  first  year,  after  which  it  completely  covers  the  ground.  It 
may  be  cut  several  times  in  the  season,  and  yields  a  large  quantity  of 
fodder,  somewhat  inferior  in  its  nutritive  qualities  to  the  red  clover. — 
Plaster,  or  bones,  in  considerable  quantities,  ground  and  scattered  broad- 
cast, and  other  manures,  are  essential  to  its  continued  productiveness  on 
the  same  land.  It  requires  ten  to  fifteen  pounds  of  seed  to  the  acre, 
broadcast,  or  in  drills  at  the  rate  of  fifteen  pounds. 

Orchard  Grass. — It  comes  forward  earlier  than  any  other  grass  in  the 
spring,  and  produces  mo-t  abundant  crops,  in  quick  succession,  yielding 
several  large  cuttings  of  excellent  hay  in  one  sea-en,  and  furnishing  a 
great  quantity  of  nutritive  pasturage.  It  requires  a  dry  and  good  soil, 
and  should  be  cut  before  it  ripens,  or  closely  fed,  to  secure  its  full  value. 
Sow  at  the  rate  of  one  and  a  half  to  two  bushels  per  acre  ;  for  if  the  seed 
be  not  sown  thick  it  will  come  up  in  tufts.  It  is  more  important  that 
this  grass  covers  the  land  well  than  any  that  we  know. 


84  SEEDS. 


TiMOTHr,  .Herd's  Grass,  Foxtail,  Meadow  Cat's  Tail» — By  all  these 
names  this  grass  is  known.  It  is  tlie  Icing  of  grasses  for  hay  in  the  North- 
ern parts  of  the  United  States  and  the  Canadas.  Good  clays  or  loamy 
land  are  best  suited  for  it. 


GRAIN. 


Barlev. — Grows  well  on  a  light,  rich  soil,  but  is  probably  more  tena- 
cious of  clay. 

Buckwheat. — This  crop  is  generally  cultivated  on  light  land.  It  is 
sown  either  broadcast  or  in  drills,  at  the  rate  of  one  bushels  per  acre  in 
the  former,  and  two  or  three  pecks  if  in  the  latter. 

Millet. — This  requires  a  dry,  light  soil,  but  a  heavy  crop  can  only  be 
realized  on  a  rich  one.  It  may  be  sowu  in  drills  or  broadcast.  It  will 
produce  from  H  to  4  tons  of  fodder  per  acre — equal  in  value  to  grass — 
and  from  20  to  60  bushels  of  grain,  equal  to  corn  for  many  kinds  of 
feeding.  Sow  from  16  to  24  quarts  per  acre.  When  the  ground  is  in 
proper  condition,  and  the  season  favorable,  the  former  quantity  in  drills 
and  16  quarts  broadcast  will  insure  a  full  crop. 

Oats, — These  do  best  on  a  very  strong  soil,  and  clayey  loams  are  well 
adapted  for  them.  The  Imperial  and  the  Bedford  oats  are  considered  the 
best.     Sow  from  3  to  4  bu-hels  per  acre. 

Rye. — This  grain  is  never  advantageously  raised  unless  upon  dry,  light 
soils.     Sow  from  5  to  6  pecks  per  acre. 

Wheat. — Before  sowing  the  wheat  should  be  thoroughly  cleansed. 
and  every  particle  of  foreign  seed  removed.  Then  wash  it  three  succes- 
sive times  in  the  strongest  brine,  mix  with  a  coating  of  slaked  lime,  and 
spread  out  to  dry.  If  spread  out  in  the  sun  it  will  dry  in  two  or  three 
hours.  This  preparation  secures  the  crop  against  smut,  and  promotes 
the  growth.  The  quantity  of  seed  found  most  judicious,  as  a  general 
rule,  for  sowing,  is  5  to  6  pecks  per  acre.  On  the  heaviest  clay  soil  2 
bushels  per  acre  is  none  too  much — the  same  causes  requiring  variation 
as  in  barley  and  other  grain.  Some  kinds  of  seed  tiller  better  than 
others,  which  of  course  should  vary  the  quantity  sown.  The  best  kind 
of  wheat  is  the  improved  Flint  Wheat. 

Indian  Corn. — The  soil  must  be  light,  dry  and  rich  to  produce  a 
good  crop.  It  is  always  best  to  soak  the  seed  before  planting,  in  a  strong 
solution  of  saltpeter.     This  gives  an  early  vigorous  growth. 


FERTILIZERS.  85 

FERTILIZERS. 

We  shall  merely  treat  of  such  Fertilizers  as  are  usually  kept  on  sale. 

Ashes. — These  may  be  used,  leached  or  unleached,  with  good  effect, 
at  all  seasons,  and  on  all  kinds  of  soil — though  they  best  suit  land  of  a 
light  sandy  or  gravely  nature. 

Bone  Dust. — This  substance,  also,  may  be  applied  precisely  like 
ashes,  except  not  in  such  large  quantities.  Its  effects  on  Indian  corn  is 
not  as  good  as  ashes.  It  best  suits  grass,  wheat  and  turnips.  Sawings 
of  bone  are  fifty  per  cent  more  powerful. 

Charcoal  Dust. — This,  also,  may  be  applied  like  ashes,  and  in  any 
quantity,  from  ten  to  two  hundred  bushels  per  acre. 

Guano. —  Caution  in  Application. — Be  very  careful  to  place  the  Gua- 
no so  that  it  will  not  touch  the  embryo,  or  young  roots,  or  stalks  of  corn, 
potatoes,  cabbages,  tobacco,  sugar  cane,  cotton,  or  any  plant  that  has  but 
one  stem  from  its  root,  for  it  is  of  such  a  burning  nature  that  if  a  portion 
no  larger  than  a  small  pea  comes  in  contact  with  the  plant  before  being 
watered  or  rained  on,  or  undergoing  partial  decomposition,  it  instantly 
kills  it,  With  grass  and  small  grains  this  caution  is  not  important,  as 
other  shoots  from  the  roots  will  immediately  supply  the  place  of  those 
killed. 

Preparation. — Before  using  guano  pass  it  through  a  fine  sieve — and 
all  lumps  remaining  break  up  and  pass  through  the  sieve.  Now  take  at 
least  four  times  its  bulk  of  sand,  or  dry  sandy  or  light  loamy  soil,  and 
pass  this  through  a  coarser  sieve,  if  you  have  one,  and  mix  it  in  layers 
with  the  guano.  Let  this  compost  lie  a  few  days — several  weeks  would 
be  better — then  toss  it  over  and  beat  up  well  together,  and  it  will  be  fit 
for  use. 

Quantity  applied  per  acre. — This  depends  upon  the  kind  cf  soil  and 
its  condition,  and  the  kind  of  crop  to  be  grown.  From  250  lbs.  to  400 
lbs.  of  guano  per  acre  is  the  safest  quantity  to  apply.  It  acts  quickest 
in  a  light  sandy  soil  or  loam,  and  is  excellent  to  start  crops  on  cold  moist 
land.     It  hastens  the  ripening  of  crops  on  all  kinds  of  soil. 

Guano  should  be  spread  broadcast  upon  grass  lands,  early  in  the 
spring  and  directly  after  mowing.  On  grain,  early  in  the  spring,  or  in 
autumn,  directly  after  being  sown.  When  applied  to  corn,  either  pure 
or  in  compost,  a  table  spoonful  or  so  may  be  put  into  each  hill,  and  a 
little  dirt  thrown  over,  and  then  drop  the  seed — or  it  may  be  hoed  in 
round  the  corn  the  first  hoeing.  Apply  it  in  the  same  way  to  peas, 
beans,  potatoes,  and  other  root  crops,  melons,  &c. 

Lime. — This  may  be  applied  at  any  season,  at  the  rate  of  twenty  to 
two  hundred  bushels  per  acre  ;  but  we  would  prefer  moderate  doses  of 


86  FRUIT    TUEES. 

not  over  fifty  bushels,  and  put  it  on  the  oftener.      Like  charcoal,  it  does 
best  kept  Dear  the  surface,  and  in  other  respects  may  be  applied  like  it. 

Plaster  of  Paris. — Sow  this  broadcast  upon  grass  or  grain,  early  in 
the  spring,  at  the  rate  of  two  or  three  bushels  per  acre.  It  requires  to 
be  sown  early,  so  as  to  have  the  benefit  of  moisture  and  to  ensure  its 
decomposition.  It  best  suits  clover,  and  is  very  good  for  potatoes  and 
turnips. 

I'uldrette. — This  is  an  excellent  manure  to  start  corn  and  other  pro- 
ducts, and  give  them  a  quick  growth,  but  its  effects  are  not  lasting. 


FRUIT  TREES. 


For  the  directions  on  transplanting  and  pruning,  we  are  chiefly  in- 
debted to  catalogues  of  experienced  nurserymen,  from  which  we  have 
copied,  with  slight  alterations. 

Transplanting. — It  is  frequently  the  case  that  a  tree  which  has  recei- 
ved all  the  care  and  attention  which  can  be  bestowed  upon  it  by  the  most 
experienced  nurseryman,  is  transplanted  to  a  soil  of  very  inferior  char- 
acter, and  being  thus  stunted  in  its  growth  is  the  cause  of  dissatisfaction 
to  the  purchasers.  The  planter  should  therefore  bear  in  mind  that,  with 
the  exception  of  very  fertile  alluvial  bottoms,  like  those  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, &&,  it  is  difficult  for  the  soil  in  which  a  tree  is  planted  to  be  too  rich, 
and  that  the  rapidity  of  its  growth,  and  its  subsequent  productiveness, 
ry  much  influenced  by  the  proportion  of  fertilizing  matter  contain- 
ed in  the  soil. 

Before  planting  an  orchard  the  ground  should  be  thoroughly  subsoiled 
or  trench-ploughed  to  the  depth  of  eighteen  inches  or  two  feet.  This  is 
always  done  in  Europe,  but  scarcely  ever  thought  of  in  the  United 
States  ;  and  yet  we  consider  it  the  first  and  most  important  operation  in 
the  preparation  of  ground  for  an  orchard — unless  it  be  so  rocky  as  to 
render  this  impossible. 

r  the  trees  are  set  out  the  ground  should  be  well  ventilated  ;  and  if 
a  poor  soil,  as  highly  manured  as  the  means  of  the  cultivator  will  admit. 
It  is  impossible  for  a  tree  to  flourish  as  it  should  when  the  roots  are 
surrounded  and  covered  with  a  thick  sod.  When  the  tree  is  isola; 
in  a  garden  or  lawn,  a  rich  compost  of  earth  and  manure  should  b 
in  around  it,  care  being  taken  that  no  pure  manure  be  allowed  to  come 
immediately  in  contact  with  the  roots.  The  ground  about  these,  also, 
for  the  two  or  three  feet,  should  be  kept  mellow  until  the  tree 

is  of  large  size  :  and  it  would  also  be  well  to  dig  in  a  portion  of  manure 
about  the  roots  every  spring. 


FIU'IT    TUEES.  87 

Soils  Proper  for  Different  Kinds  of  Fruits. 

The  Apple. — This  will  Bucceed  on  almost  any  soil  not  too  wet:  a  rich 
gravelly  loam  will,  however,  ensure  the  finest  trees  and  fruit.  Before 
planting  the  ground  Bhould  be  well  cultivated  and  mellowed,  with  corn 
or  potatoes,  and  enriched,  if  necessary,  with  a  good  quantity  of  manure. 
After  tlif  trees  are  planted  the  orchard  should  be  kept  in  cultivation  for 
borne  years — and  even  after  the  trees  have  become  large  and  are  in  full 
hearing  the  ground  should  not  be  kept  in  grass  more  than  three  or  four 
\  ears  const  cutivelv. 

The  Cherry. — This  does  best  in  dry,  rich  soil,  but  bears  abundantly 
in  stilt' days,  when  well  drained. 

The  Pear. — This  succeeds  best  in  a  rich  clayey  loam,  with  a  gravelly 

subsoil,  hut  will  grow  and  bear  fruit  on  even  a  poor  soil,  provided  it  is 
not  tun  wet.  A  heavy  clay  soil  should  always  be  avoided,  unless  it  be 
well  drained,  as  it  is  known  to  be  very  retentive  of  moisture,  and  is  fre- 
quently  so  highly  saturated  as  greatly  to  injure  if  not  kill  the  tree. 

The  Plum. —  A  well  drained  clayey  soil  or  a  rich  loam  best  suits  the 
plum. 

The  Peach. — A  sandy  or  light  gravelly  soil,  not  over  rich,  is  decidedly 
the  best  for  the  peach,  though  it  wrill  flourish  very  well  in  a  warm  cli- 
mate in  rolling  clayey  soils,  where  no  surface  water  could  remain  to  their 
injury. 

Pruning  and  Training. — All  trees  require  more  or  less  pruning. 
With  young  trees  the  knife  is  required  to  form  a  symmetrical  head,  to 
induce  a  luxuriance  of  growth,  and  to  cause  early  fruit-hearing.  Bear- 
ing trees  in  orchards  also  require  frequent  pruning,  to  relieve  the  tree  of 
all  branches  which  are  weak,  and  which  crowd  upon  others,  or  uselessly 
consume  the  nourishment  afforded  to  the  root.  It  is  also  frequently  re- 
quired to  check  to  great  luxuriance  of  growth,  which  often  induces  dis- 
ease and  seriously  affects  the  longevity  of  the  tree.  Care  and  judgment, 
however,  are  necessary,  and  there  may  be  often  danger  of  too  much  pru- 
ning. When  a  tree  is  healthy,  produces  well,  is  not  too  much  crowded  in 
its  branches,  and  free  from  suckers  on  its  boughs,  it  will  in  general  require 
very  little  pruning.  No  sinkers  should  be  allowed  to  grow  from  the 
root,  as  they  divert  a  material  portion  of  the  sap  from  the  branches. — 
There  is  much  question  respecting  the  proper  season  for  pruning,  but  ex- 
perience is  very  decided  that  the  early  part  of  summer  is  best;  the  sap 
being  then  in  full  operation  the  wounded  part  heals  quickly  over,  while 
in  winter  the  branch  to  which  the  knife  has  been  applied  will  be  fre- 
quently found  dead  several  inches  below  the  wound. 

AGENCY. — Acting  as  Agents  for  Nurseries  in  Pennsylvania  and 
New  York,  we  can  at  any  time  furnish  Fruit  or  Ornamental  Trees  of 
every  variety  and  description. 


88  THE    GARDEN. 

ORDERS. 

It  is  very  <1  suable  that  orders  should  be  sent  very  early  in  the  season, 
that  we  may  have  as  much  notice  as  possible,  and  Bend  the  trees  to  their 
destination  at  an  early  period  after  the  opening  of  the  season  of  trans- 
planting. For  want  of  care  on  this  head  many  orders  arrive  when  it  is 
no  longer  safe  to  take  up  trees,  and  are  necessarily  left  over  until  the  next 
season.  We  would  urge  upon  the  attention  of  Southern  and  Western 
purchasers  the  great  importance  of  sending  their  orders  as  early  as 
August  or  September.  In  the  spring  vegetation  is  far  advanced  at  tin; 
South  and  West  before  the  frost  will  allow  the  trees  to  be  taken  up  at 
the  East;  and  if  sent  at  that  season  they  frequently  vegetate  on  the  pas- 
sage, and  cause  great  loss  to  the  purchasers.  In  the  fall  no  difficulty  of 
this  kind  will  occur,  and  trees  are  annually  sent  to  the  far  western  Suites 
at  that  season  with  entire  success.  The  utmost  care  is  taken  to  label 
distinctly,  according  to  the  invoice  sent,  every  variety  of  tree  or  plant  or- 
dered. They  are  packed  in  matted  bundles  or  boxes,  according  to  the 
the  distance  and  probable  exposure,  for  which  a  reasonable  charge  will  be 
made. 


WHEN  TO  PLANT  GARDEN  SEEDS. 

Artichoke. — Sow  the  seeds  in  the  last  of  March,  in  seed  beds,  and 
transplant  into  a  rich  soil;  slightly  protect  in  winter.  In  the  following 
spring  separate  the  offsets,  and  plant  three  or  four  in  hills  two  feet  distant, 
in  rows  four  feet  apart. 

After  separating  the  seed-crown,  called  the  bristles,  or  chokes,  the  flow- 
er-heads are  boiled  or  pickled.  Boil  them  near  two  hours,  or  until  ten- 
der, in  water  with  a  little  salt.  Sometimes  they  are  fried  and  used  as 
ragouts  ;  or  when  very  young  as  salad. 

Asparagus. — Sow  in  April,  in  drills  abont  one  inch  deep,  and  in  rows 
about  eighteen  inches  apart.  The  soil  should  be  light,  deep,  and  well 
manured.  Transplant  with  care  when  one,  two,  or  three  years  old  into 
deep  manured  trenches,  which  must  be  filled  up  as  the  plants  grow.  Two 
or  three  inches  of  horse  manure  should  be  laid  ou  the  bed  every  fall, 
and  carefully  forked  in  in  the  spring.  Some  allow  the  plants  to  remain 
as  sown,  and  put  layers  of  manure  on  every  year. 

Beans. — English  Dwarf  Beans  should  be  planted  very  early  ;  as  soon 
as  the  ground  is  workable.  If  delayed  till  late  the  crop  is  generally  over- 
taken by  a  scorching  heat,  and  is  fast  destroyed.  A  good  stiff  loam  is 
best  adapted  to  their  growth.     When  about  two  inches  high  hoe  them, 


THE    GARDEN.  89 

and  draw  the  earth  around  their  stems  two  or  three  times  during  their 

growth.  When  the  pods  begin  to  grow,  break  oil'  the  tops  of  the  stems  ; 
this  will  cause  them  to  swell  and  till  up,  and  prevent  their  running  all 
to  flowers. 

Kidney  Dwarfs  should  be  planted  as  soon  as  the  danger  of  frost  is 
over,  in  light  rich  soil,  three  or  four  in  a  hill,  or  in  drills  two  or  three  feet 
apart  Let  them  be  carefully  hoed,  drawing  the  earth  an. und  the  stems 
very  lightly  each  time.  Other  kinds  may  be  planted  from  last  of  Mardi 
at  intervals  until  August. 

Pole  Beans  are  generally  planted  in  hills  about  two  feet  apart,  putting 
four  or  rive  beans  in  a  hill,  and  leaving  a  space  in  the  center  for  the  pole! 
1  hey  should  not  be  planted  till  all  danger  from  frost  is  past,  and  the  Li- 
ma and  Sieva  not  until  the  hist  of  April,  as  they  will  not  grow  until  the; 
the  weather  and  ground  are  warm.  The  best  quality  is  the  Lima,  but  it 
h  late.  The  Sieva,  or  Carolina  is  much  like,  it  and  earlier.  The  London 
Horticultural  is  a  great  bearer — early  and  good.  Lima  beans  may  be 
forwarded  in  pots,  and  transplanted  with  perfect  success. 

Beets. — Sow  from  first  of  April  to  middle  of  June,  in  deep  rich  sand; 
loam.  Thin  the  young  plants  to  a  distance  of  six  or  eight  inches,  and 
till  up  the  vacant  places  with  those  taken  out.  The  Early  Turnip-rooted 
are  the  earliest,  and  are  of  fine  quality.  When  young  the  leaves  make 
excellent  greens.  The  Long  Blood  Beet  is  best  "for  table  or  winter  use. 
The  French  sugar  beet  and  mangel  wurtzel  are  most  valuable  for  cattle, 
and  are  much  cultivated.  Thirty  or  forty  tons  are  raised  on  an  acre,  for 
which  it  takes  about  four  pounds  of  seech 

Borecole,  or  Kale. — Sow  in  April  or  May,  and  manage  as  cabba- 
ges. In  winter  transplant  into  trenches  and  cover  with  straw.  The 
crown  or  center,  improved  by  frost,  is  delicate  and  sweet  when  boiled. 

Brussels  Sprouts. — Sow  the  seeds  early  in  May,  and  stransplant 
about  the  first  of  July.  The  general  treatment  should  be  about  the  same 
as  that  of  broccoli  and  cabbage.  The  plants,  when  protected  in  winter, 
send  out  young  sprouts  in  the  spring,  which  make  excellent  greens.  There 
is  no  liner  spring  vegetable. 

Brocoli. — Sow  in  hot-beds  in  March,  or  for  general  sowing  in  the  open 
ground,  in  April  or  May,  in  good  rich,  and  light  soil.  thin  out  the 
plants,  to  prevent  their  being  drawn  up  weakly.  Those  that  do  not  pro- 
duce heads  in  October  and  November  should"  be  taken  up  and  placed  in 
the  cellar,  and  covered  up  to  the  leaves  with  earth. 

Cadbage. — Cabbage  seed  for  a  very  early  crop  should  be  sown  in  a 
hot-bed  in  March.  Give  plenty  of  air,  and  thin  out  the  plants,  that  thev 
may  utow. 

When  the  ]  liants  are  four  or  five  inches  high,  they  should  be  trans- 
planted, if  the  weather  is  mild,  into  the  open  ground,  in  rows,  two  feet 


90  THE    GARDEN-. 

apart,  and  about  fifteen  inches  apart  in  the  row  ;  make  the  ground  rich 
and  light,  and  set  them  firmly.  As  they  grow  give  frequent  hoeings,  and 
keep  clear  of  weeds.  Those  who  have  no  hot-beds  should  sow  in  the 
open  ground  early  in  May,  which  will  be  soon  enough  for  a  genera]  crop. 
The  best  varieties  need  not  be  sown  until  the  middle  of  May.  Sow  in 
drills  or  broadcast,  in  beds  properly  prepared,  and  thin  out  as  sunn  as 
they  are  an  inch  high.  Transplant  them  in  June, in  rows  two  feet  apart. 
Those  who  may  wish  to  preserve  their  cabbages  through  the  winter 
should  take  them  up  in  dry  weather,  and  plant  them  down  to  the  leaves, 
close  together,  in  a  dry,  sheltered  spot.  The  whole  must  be  covered  se- 
curely with  straw  and  boards,  to  keep  off  the  rain. 

Cardoon. — The  stems  of  the  leaves,  after  being  blanched  like  celer}-, 
are  the  parts  made  use  of  for  salads,  soups,  &c.  They  aie  in  perfection 
in  autumn  and  winter.  The  seed  must  be  sown  in  April  or  early  in 
May,  in  a  bed  of  rich  earth,  and  transplanted  in  June,  in  rows,  four  feet 
apart.  They  should  be  earthed  up  in  the  same  manner  as  celery,  taking 
care  to  keep  the  leaves  close  together,  by  tying  round  each  a  piece  of  bass 
matting.  On  approach  of  winter  take  them  up,  and  bury  them  in  the 
cellar  for  winter  use. 

Carrots. — Sow  for  early  crop  about  the  first  of  April,  and  for  main 
crop  about  the  middle  of  May,  in  rich  loamy  soil,  manured  the  previous 
year,  in  drills  about  one  inch  deep,  and  two  inches  apart.  The  plant 
should  be  thinned  out  to  the  distance  of  three  or  four  inches. 

The  Early  Horn  is  best  for  very  early  use  ;  but  for  the  principal  crop, 
the  Long  Orange  and  Large  White  are  best.  They  are  considered  very 
valuable  for  horses  and  cattle.  From  eight  hundred  to  a  thousand 
bushels  maybe  raised  in  an  acre.  About  two  pounds  of  seed  should  be 
used  to  the  acre.  If  the  weather  is  dry  it  is  best  to  soak  the  seed  before 
sowing,  and  mix  it  with  dry  plaster  or  ashes. 

Cauliflower. — For  an  early  crop  sow  in  September,  and  preserve 
them  from  all  frost  in  sashes  or  otherwise,  and  keep  them  in  a  healthy 
state.  The  following  spring  transplant  into  rich  loamy  soil.  Hoe  and 
water  them  well.  As  the  flower  heads  appear,  break  the  large  leaves 
dowrn  over  them,  or  tie  them  gently  over  the  head,  to  close  and  blanch 
them.  For  a  late  crop  sow  in  the  latter  part  of  April,  and  manage  as 
broccoli. 

Celery. — Sow  in  February  and  March,  in  hot-beds.  Set  the  young 
plants  in  beds  during  April,  about  four  inches  apart,  where  they  may  re- 
main a  few  weeks,  when  they  should  be  carefully  removed,  with  the  balls 
of  earth  attached  to  the  roots,  to  the  trenches.  Let  the  trenches  be  dug 
a  foot  or  more  deep,  and  put  in  six  inches  of  well-rotted  manure  ;  then  fill 
the  trench  nearly  to  the  top  with  the  soil  that  was  thrown  out,  and  with 
a  fork  mix  it  well  with  the  manure.  A  moist  situation  is  the  best.  The 
plants  should  be  set  about  six  inches  apart  in  the  row,  and  as  they  pro- 


THE    GARDEN.  91 

ceed  in  growth,  earth  them  up  once  a  week,  a  little  ;it  each  time,  care- 
fully observing  not  to  cover  the  heart  of  the  plant  For  winter  use  sow 
the  seed  in  April,  or  early  in  May,  in  a  bed  of  fine  rich  soil,  made  smooth 
and  ev«u;  sow  tolerably  thick,  and  beat  the  surface  of  the  bed  firmly 
with  the  spade,  then  cover  with  tine  earth,  silted  on,  about  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  deep.  If  dry  weather  eusues  give  a  good  watering,  and  the 
seed  will  come  up  well. 

Chevril. — Sow  in  rows,  ten  or  twelve  inches  apart,  and  cultivate  the 
same  as  parsley.  It  is  recommended  as  a  fine  salad,  and  possesses  an  aro- 
matic flavor.     It  is  also  used  in  soups,  &c. 

Coleworts. — A  species  of  cabbage,  and  cultivated  in  the  same  man- 
ner. They  are  used  as  greens,  like  cabbage  sprouts,  which  they  so  much 
resemble  that  they  are  seldom  cultivated. 

Cuctmhers. — For  an  early  crop,  sow  as  soon  as  the  weather  becomes 
warm,  in  hills  about  four  feet  apart.  Put  a  large  shovelfull  of  well-rotted 
manure  in  each  hill.  Sow  liberally,  as  the  yellow  bug  will  require  a 
part,  and  it  is  best  to  have  a  surplus  of  plants.  The  early  frame  and 
green  clusters  are  best  for  early  use.  Sow  for  pickling  from  the  middle 
of  June  to  the  middle  of  July.  The  long  prickly  and  small  green  are 
the  hest  for  pickles. 

Curled  Cress,  or  Peppergrass. — Sow  the  seed  thick,  in  drills,  from 
April  to  September.  They  must  l>e  cut  while  young  and  tender.  They 
are  considered  excellent  when  eaten  with  lettuce. 

Corn  Salad,  or  Fetticus. — This  is  also  cultivated  as  a  salad  for 
winter  or  spring  use.  Sow  the  seeds  in  clean  rich  ground,  in  August  and 
September,  add  cover  in  winter  with  straw. 

Egg  Plant. — The  seeds  should  be  sown  in  hot-bed  in  March,  and 
transplanted  into  the  open  ground  in  May,  as  soon  as  the  ground  be- 
comes wann.  The  purple  variety  is  best  for  eating.  It  should  be  sliced 
and  fried  with  ham  ;  or  it  be  may  parboiled,  drained,  and  fried  in  a  bat- 
ter of  flour  and  eggs,  or  in  fresh  butter  with  finely  grated  bread,  pre- 
viously seasoned  with  Bpice  and  herbs. 

The  white  variety  is  used  for  ornament.  It  makes  a  beautiful  appear- 
ance when  the  plant  is  filled  with  fruit. 

Endive. — Sow  in  rich  soil,  at  intervals,  from  April  to  July,  in  drills 
fifteen  inches  apart,  and  the  plant  eight  inches  apart  in  the  rows.  Hoe 
them  frequently.  Tie  up  the  leaves  when  fully  grown  to  blanch  the 
heads.     They  are  used  as  a  salad.     The  green  curled  are  the  best. 

Indian  Corn. — Plant  about  the  last  of  April,  in  good  soil.  For  very 
early  use,  plant  the  early  white  Jefferson.  The  Tuscarora  comes  in  next, 
and  is  a  very  good  variety.      It  remains  a  long  time  in  the  milky  state. 


92  THE     OARDEK. 

For  table  use,  to  be  eaten  in  the  green  state,  no  variety  will  compare 
with  the  sweet  or  sugar  corn.  Corn  needs  frequent  and  deep  hoeing, 
drawing  up  the  earth  a  little  each  time. 

Kale. — Plant  in  hills  two  feet  apart.  It  is  forced  into  growth  in  the 
spring,  blauched,  and  used  as  asparagus. 

Leeks. — Sow  in  April,  on  a  well-prepared  piece  of  ground,  and  trans- 
plant in  Juue  into  rows  fifteen  inches  apart,  and  four  or  six  inches  from 
each  other  in  the  rows.  Hoe  up  the  earth  about  the  stems  as  they  con- 
tinue to  grow,  so  as  to  blanch  them  and  make  them  tender.  Cutting  off 
the  tops  of  the  leaves  three  or  four  different  times  in  the  course  of  the 
season  is  beneficial,  as  it  makes  them  throw  out  new  heart  leaves.  The 
London  and  Scotch  are  the  two  best  varieties.  The  soil  should  be  rich 
but  not  fresh  manured. 

Lettuce. — Sow  in  February  and  March  in  hot  beds,  or  in  the  open 
ground  in  April,  in  good  rich  mellow  ground.  When  the  plants  have 
five  or  six  leaves,  transplant  them  into  rows  a  foot  apart  each  way.  Hoe 
frequently,  and  in  dry  weather  water  plentifully.  The  finest  of  salads 
with  vinegar  and  sugar. 

Melon. — Plant  in  hills  of  light  soil,  in  the  latter  end  of  April. 

Muskmelon. — Plant  in  hills  four  to  six  feet  apart.  Prepare  the  hills 
by  putting  in  a  shovelfull  of  well-rotted  manure  at  the  bottom.  Plant 
a  dozen  seeds  in  the  hill,  to  allow  for  the  depredations  of  the  bugs.  But 
eventually  let  but  two  or  three  good  plants  remain.  The  green  flushed 
varieties  are  superior  to  the  yellow.  They  should  be  planted  a  good  dis- 
tance from  squashes,  pumpkins,  &c,  as  they  are  liable  to  mix. 

Mustard. — The  white,  or  English  mustard  is  cultivated  as  a  salad. 
The  leaves  are  used  like  cress,  when  very  young.  Sow  in  drills,  at  differ- 
ent times,  from  April  to  June. 

Nasturtium. — This  is  deserving  of  cultivation  on  account  of  its  beauti- 
ful orange-colored  flowers,  and  its  excellence  in  salads.  The  grain,  ber- 
ries or  seed  of  this  plant,  which  it  produces  abundantly,  makes  an  excel- 
lent pickle  ;  in  the  opinion  of  many,  preferable  to  capers.  It  is  sown  in 
drills  in  April,  nearly  an  inch  deep.  When  about  six  inches  high  it 
should  have  sticks  placed  to  climb  upon  ;  or  they  may  be  planted  by  the 
side  of  fences,  palings,  <fec. 

Okra. — Sow  in  April  on  good  rich  ground,  and  in  rows  two  feet  apart. 
Thin  out  the  plants  to  the  distance  of  eight  or  ten  inches  apart  from 
each  other.  Hoe  them  frequently,  and  draw  the  earth  up  round  the 
stems,  as  they  advance  in  growth,  to  five  or  six  inches.  The  green  pods 
are  used  in  soaps,  Arc,  and  the  ripe  seeds  are  sometimes  burnt  and  used 
as  a  substitute  for  coffee. 


THE    GARDEN.  93 

Onions. — The  onion  is  one  of  the  best  producta  of  the  garden.  The 
soil  best  adapted  to  their  growth  should  lie  light,  and  well  enriched  with 
very  old  stable  manure  or  compost.      Dig  the  beds  carefully  with  the 

spade,  and  make  the  surface  fine  and  even  with  a  g 1  iron  rake.    The 

seed  should  be  sown  as  soon  as  tin-  ground  can  be  got  into  good  condi- 
tion. Make  the  drills  one  foot  apart,  and  cover  the  seeds  about  an  inch; 
finish  by  pressing  the  earth  well  upon  the  seed  with  a  board  laid  length- 
wise on  the  row  and  walking  across.  Thin  out  the  plants  to  an  inch  or 
two  apart,  and  keep  them  clear  from  weeds.  The  white  onions  is  the 
best  for  early  use,  or  for  pickling;  the  yellow  or  silver  skin  for  a  main 
crop;  and  the  large  red  will  keep  the  longest. 

For  early  use  in  spring  the  white  is  generally  sown  in  August,  and  the 
beds  covered  with  straw  or  litter  in  winter. 

The  potato  onion  is  preferred  by  some  persons.  It  grows  large,  and 
the  flavor  is  very  mild.  They  should  be  planted  as  soon  as  the  frost  is 
out  of  the  ground,  in  rows  a  foot  apart.  The  onions  should  be  barely 
covered.  As  they  grow  draw  the  earth  over  them  with  a  hoe.  They 
will  be  ripe  enough  to  dig  in  the  latter  part  of  August. 

Parsley. — Sow  from  March  to  August,  in  drills  one  inch  deep  and 
eight  to  twelve  inches  apart.  It  is  used  in  soups,  stews,  and  gravies  for 
meats. 

Parsnips. — Sow  thick  early  in  April,  in  rows  twelve  inches  apart  and 
one  inch  deep,  in  a  deep  soil,  well  manured  the  previous  fall,  or  with  fine 
dung  early  in  March.  When  the  plants  are  two  or  three  inches  high 
thin  them  out  to  the  distance  of  about  two  inches.  Parsnips  will  endure 
the  hardest  frost,  and  may  safely  be  left  in  the  ground  through  the  win- 
ter. They  should,  however,  be  dug  early  the  following  spring,  before 
they  begin  to  grow. 

Pumpkins. — This  is  a  valuable  field  crop  for  fall  and  early  winter  feed- 
ing, for  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine.  It  is  usually  planted  among  corn  and 
potatoes,  wdiich  is  a  good  practice.  But  it  maybe  advantageously  grown 
by  itself,  on  a  rich,  dry,  well-pulverized  soil,  planting  in  hills,  at  a  distance 
of  six  or  seven  feet  apart  each  way.  The  large  yellow  pumpkin  is  the 
best.  Plant  in  May,  in  hills  about  five  or  six  feet  apart,  in  rich,  well- 
manured,  loamy  soil.  Put  six  or  seven  seed  in  each  hill,  leaving  but 
three  or  four — the  most  thrifty  ones — to  grow. 

Peas. — Plant  the  early  varieties  as  soon  as  the  ground  can  be  prepar- 
ed in  the  spring.  The  others  in  succession  from  April  till  June.  Plant 
in  double  or  single  rows,  in  drills  about  four  feet  apart  and  three  inches 
dee]"».  To  have  a  succession  and  to  prolong  the  season  of  them,  several 
kinds  should  be  sown.  Hill's  extra  early,  and  cedo  nulli  are  the  two 
earliest  kinds,  and  should  be  planted  first.  The  early  Washington,  early 
Warwick,  dwarf  marrowfat,  and  dwarf  blue  Imperial,  may  be  planted  at 
the  same  time  and  will  come  into  bearing  in  succession. 


94  THE    GARDEN. 

Peppers. — Plant  in  hot-beds  in  Match,  and  transplant  into  the  open 
ground  the  latter  part  of  May,  in  rows,  about  twenty  indies  apart,  and 

eight  inches  in  the  row.     Repeated  hoeings  promote  their  growth.  They 
are  excellent  for  pickles. 

Radishes. — Sow  at  intervals  from  March  to  August,  in  fight  sandy 
soil.  Radishes  are  not  likely  to  grow  well  in  land  which  has  been  long 
cultivated.  a>  they  are  apt  to  be  hard  and  wormy,  which  is  owing  to  their 
slow  growth.  Theysucceed  best  in  new  land,  which  is  free  from  insects. 
The  scarlet  short-top  and  long  salmon  are  the  best  kind  for  early  plant- 
ing. When  the  weather  becomes  hot  the  turnip-rooted  sorts  sn 
best. 

Rhubarb. —  Sow  the  seed  early  in  the  spring  or  in  September,  in  rich 
deep  soil  and  warm  situation.  If  sown  in  beds  they  may  be  transplan- 
ted the  next  season  into  rows.  The  stalks  are  used  very  early  in  the 
spring  for  pies. 

Salsify,  or  Vegetable  Oyster. — Sow  early  in  March,  the  same  as 
parsnips.      The  roots  are  taken  up  in  the  fall  and  preserved  in  the 
or  remain  in  the  ground  and  are  dug  up  in  the  spring.      The  roots  are 
boiled  like  parsnips,  or  cut  up  in  thin  slices  and  boiled  in  water,  mashed, 
thickened  with  flour,  and  fried  with  salt,  pork  or  butter. 

Scorzonera. — Sow  in  April  or  May,  and  manage  like  salsify,  which 
it  greatly  resembles  in  its  quality  and  use. 

Spinach. — Sow  the  rounddeaf,  or  summer  variety  early  in  April  for 
summer  use,  and  the  winter,  or  prickly,  in  August  and  September  for 
winter  and  spring  use.  When  cold  weather  sets  in  it  should  be  covered 
with  straw,  to  protect  it  from  the  sun,  and  prevent  freezing  and  thawing. 
It  is  excellent  for  greens. 

Squash. — Plant  in  April,  in  hills  about  six  feet  apart,  and  the  soil  well 
enriched  with  a  good  quantity  of  rotten  manure  or  compost  to  each  hill. 
Sow  a  sufficiency  of  seed  to  allow  for  loss  by  insects.  Three  or  four 
plants  are  enough  to  leave  for  each  hill.  The  early  scollop,  or  bush 
squash  is  an  excellent  variety  for  summer  use.  Canada,  winter  cn>:>k- 
neek,  and  autumnal  marrow,  are  considered  best  for  winter  use.  The 
marrow  must  be  planted  at  a  distance  from  every  other  variety,  as  they 
are  liable  to  mix. 

Sea  Kale. — But  little  cultivated,  though  a  most  excellent  vegetable. 
It  is  a  perennial  plant,  and  the  young  shoots  which  rise  in  the  spring  art 
the  parts  eaten.  These  are  generally  blanched  by  covering  them  with  a 
large  garden  pot  or  box,  or  making  a  hill  of  earth  over  the  crowns  of  tin 
roots.  When  cooked  it  is  served  up  like  asparagus.  The  cultivation 
is  simple.  Sel  et  a  good  piece  of  ground,  and  let  it  be  dug  very  deep,  say 
eighteen  inches.      Sow  in  April.     The  plants  may  be  raised  from  the 


IHK    GARDEN'.  95 

seeds,  or  from  offsets  from  the  roots.  The  rows  Bhould  bo  two  feet 
apart,  and  the  plants  about  a  foot  apart  in  the  rows.  If  seeds  arc  sown 
it  will  be  best  to  drop  five  or  six  into  each  place,  to  guard  against  acci- 
dents. The  seeds  vegetate  very  slow — if  dry  weather  conic,  water  the 
I'd-  frequently.  In  November  cover  the  beds  closely  with  a  good  thick 
coat  of  strawcy  manure,  to  protect  the  crowns  of  the  roots  from  injury 
by  frost. 

Tomatoes. — Sow  inhot-heds  in  March,  or  in  the  open  ground  in  April. 
Transplant  to  about  three  feel  apart.  Place  sticks  or  trellises  for  them  to 
run  upon,  or  set  them  near  a  fence  and  tie  them  up  to  it.  They  are  a 
very  wholesome  vegetable,  and,  when  properly  cooked,  are  considered  a 
great  luxury. 

Tl'rxips. — Turnips  may  he  sown  at  all  seasons,  from  April  to  August, 
although  those  will  be  the  best  which  are  sown  very  early  in  spring;  and 
those  which  arc  sown  early  in  August,  for  fall  and  winter  crop.  The 
best  kinds  for  early  use  are  the  early  white  Dutch,  ami  early  garden- 
stone.  The  white  flat  yellow-stone  and  yellow  Arberdeen  are  excellent 
sorts  for  winter  use.  The  value  of  rata  baga  for  feeding  cattle,  etc.,  in 
winter,  is  too  well  known  to  need  urging  here.  One  thousand  bushels 
can  be  grown,  with  good  management,  on  an  acre,  and  it  is  considered  an 
extremely  profitable  crop  for  farmers.  The  seed  should  be  sown  from 
the  first  to  the  middle  of  June,  as  they  require  a  longer  time  to  grow 
than  other  turnips.  Sow  in  (.hills  on  land  ploughed  deep  and  harrowed: 
thin  them  to  the  distance  of  twelve  inches  from  each  other,  and  give 
them  one  or  two  good  hoeings  afterwards.  One  pound  of  seed  will  sow 
an  acre. 

Sweet  ITeubs. — The  seeds  of  marjoram  and  thyme  are  very  small, 
and  unless  carefully  sown  will  frequently  fail  to  come  up  well.  The  soil 
should  be  made  fine  and  raked  level.  Sow  in  shallow  drills,  twelve  inch- 
es apart — lightly  cover  with  fine  earth,  and  press  it  down  well  upon  the 
seed.  Throw  over  the  bed  a  bass  mat  or  a  little  straw — just  enough  to 
cover  the  surface  and  prevent  the  sun  from  drying  up  the  soil.  As  soon 
as  the  jilants  are  perceived  remove  the  mats  or  straw,  and  if  the  weather 
is  dry  water  frequently.  Lavender,  basil,  and  the  other  varietii  sof  sweet 
li  rba  may  be  sown  in  beds  by  themselves,  and  should  be  frequently 
hoed,  and  kept  clear  of  weeds.  Those  which  are  biennials  or  perennials 
can  lie  protected  through  the  winter  by  covering  them  with  straw-manure 
or  litter. 

Potatoe. — This  root  is  the  product  of  almost  every  soil,  although  a 
dry  rich  one  is  liest  suited  for  them.  A  sod,  turned  over  the  preceding 
autumn,  so  as  to  become  well  rotted  in  the  spring  after  the  grass  has 
well  started,  is  perhaps  the  best  suited  to  give  a  fair  yield,  and  at  the 
same  time  a  fine,  healthy,  well-matured  return.      They  may  be  planted 


96  THE    GARDEN". 

in  hills  or  drills,  according  to  the  judgment  of  the  cultivator.  "Whole 
potatoes  of  a  medium  size  are  better  for  planting  than  small  or  large  cut 
one.  They  should  be  well  hilled  up  in  hoeing.  The  hills  may  be  about 
three  or  three  and  a  half  feet  apart;  or  if  in  drills,  they  may  be  three 
and  a  half  feet  asunder,  and  the  potatoes  placed  about  ten  inches  apart. 
There  area  variety  of  choice  potatoes  which  are  at  times  popular  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  country,  and  which,  from  the  introduction  of  new  and 
favorite  varieties  or  the  older  ones  becoming  poor  bearers,  or  from  other 
causes,  fall  into  disuse.  Among  the  best  of  the  present  time  may  be 
mentioned  the  kidney,  the  pink  eye,  the  Carter,  the  Mercer,  <fcc.  It  re- 
quires from  twx-lve  to  twenty  bushels  of  seed,  for  planting,  per  acre. 


Ocr  stock  of  Field  and  Garden  Seeds  can  be  relied  upon  as  being 
the  very  best  put  up  for  use,  which  will  be  furnished  in  large  or  small 
quantities. 


MAYHEK    A-    CO  s    CATALOGUE. 


91 


APPENDIX. 


XO.  107.— WELL   WHEEL 


Fig.  107. 


This  is  a  cheap  and  simple  contri- 
vance for  raising  water  from  wells,  a« 
also  for  raising  light  weights  in  ware- 
houses, etc.,  where  more  cumbrous  ma- 
chinery would  be  inadmissible  It  works 
with  much  celerity  and  ease. 


SO.  108.— CREAM-GUAGE. 


The  Lacometer,  or  Cream 
Gtaage,  is  a  very  simple  and 
useful  contrivance  for  mea- 
suring the  quantity  of  cream 
contained  in  a  given  quan- 
tity of  milk. 


Fig.  108. 


98 


A1TENDIX. 


NO.  100. -FOLDING  LADDER. 


Fig.  109. 

These  ladders  are  highly  praised,  wherever  used,  for  their  compactness  and  the 

ease  with  which  they  c;m  be  transported.  When  closed,  they  fi  rm  a  pole  (see  b), 
and  when  open,  they  form  the  ladder,  (see  a).  The  rangs  are  attached  to  the  side- 
pieces  by  means  of  pivots,  and  fall  into  cavities  in  the  sides  when  the  ladder  is 
closed. 


NO.  110.— FRUIT  PICKER. 


Fig.  111. 


This  cut  represents  the  latest,  and  pro- 
bably best  kind  of  fruit  picker  in  use. 

It  is  formed  of  a  strong  wire  frame,  so 
'constructed  that  when  a  kind  of  hoop  is 
drawn  from  the  top,  the  sides  of  the  frame 
close,  the  bottom  being  open,  and  the 
whole  firmly  attached  to  a  handle.  A 
cloth  tube,  of  sufficient  length  and  size  to 
convey  the  fruit  to  the  ground,  is  inserted 
through  the  bottom  of  this  frame  and  up 
to  the  hooprwhich  is  made  fast,  thus  form- 
ing a  kind  of  bau;  with  the  mouth  open. 
The  operator  simply  reaches  the  mouth  to 
the  fruit,  when,  by  pulling  slightly  upon 
I  the  cloth  tube,  the  hoop  is  drawn  down 
the  wire  frame,  closing  it  over  the  fruit, 
when  it  is  detached  and  comes  safely 
down  the  tube.  Fig.  110  represents  the 
instrument  with  the  mouth  open.  Fig. 
Ill  shows  the  same  with  the  mouth 
closed  by  pulling  on  the  cloth  tube. 


NO.  112.— GARDEN  SYRINGES, 

Of  various  sizes  and  of  va- 
rious materials,  as  brass,  block 
tin,  <fec.  For  watering  the 
leaves  and  branches  of  trees, 
shrubs  and  greenhouse  plants,  or  for  destroying  noxious  insects  by  using  various- 
liquids,  they  are  found  very  useful,  and  are  extensively  used  in  flower  gardens  and 
Qurseries. 


S 


AI'PENDIX. 


99 


NO.   113.— FIELD  HOES. 


Fig.  113. 


Among  the  assortment  is  ;i  great  va- 
riety of  hoea  of  all  binds,  as  Held,  gar- 
den, carrot  4c.  Ac.  with  and  without 
handles.  The  besl  are  cast-steal,  with 
shank  and  hoe  forged  solid,  <>r  from 
one  piece.  They  possess  great  strength, 
and  are  light  and  durable. 


NO.  114.— HORSE  TOWER. 


one  to  six  horses  can  be  used  to 


Tins  power 
is  formed  by 
iron  segments 
bolted  upon  a 
wooden  rim, 
and  gearing  in- 
to a  box  wheel, 
to  which  is  at- 
tached a  shaft 
and  pulley  — 
from  which  mo- 
tion is  impart- 
ed to  machin- 
ery by  means 
of  a  belt.  From 


They  travel  round  inside  the  rim. 


NO.  115.— WIRE  FENCES. 
-1— 


ferent  sizes. 


Fig.  115. 


The  annexed  cut  repre- 
sents an  economical,  dura- 
.  ble,  and  tasteful  fence  now 
coming  into  general  use. 
It  occupies  little  room,  and 
can  be  afforded  at  less 
cost  than  any  of  the  un- 
sightly zig-zag  fences,  or 
stone  walls  with  which 
our  farmers  have  hitherto 
disfigured  their  grounds. 
This  wire  is  made  of  dif- 


NO.  116.— GARDEN  ROLLER. 


Fig.  116. 


T  hese  rollers  are  formed  of  two  cast- 
iron  srmons  with  a  shaft  within  them 
(from  which  additional  weights  can  be 
suspended,)  and  a  wrought-iron  handle. 
The  use  of  two  cylinders  in  their  forma- 
tion is  to  obviate  the  scraping  up  of  the 
_   dirt  in  turning,  which  is  so  often  the  case 

in  using   those  formed  in  one  cylinder 

as   the    two  move  in   opposite  directions 
in  turuinjr. 


100 


APPENDIX. 


NO.  117.— HAND  COTTON  GIN. 


These  Gins  do  their  work 
fully  a»  well  as  the  power 
Gin.  They  are  worked  by 
hand,  and  are  generally 
made  with  from  sixteen  to 
twenty  saws.  They  are 
admirably  fitted  for  trans- 
portation. 


Fig.  117. 
NO.  118.— FLORIST'S  RAKE. 


These  are  maufactured  from 
the  best  of  cast-steel,  and  are 
an  almost  indispensable  arti- 
cle in  the  floral  department 
of  Agriculture. 


Fig.  118. 


NO.  119.— SCREW  WRENCH. 


Of  this  useful  article  we  keep  a  large 
assortment,  with  all  the  latest  improve- 
ments. They  are  manufactured  from 
the  very  best  material,  and  are  unequal- 
led for  "durability  and  beauty  of  finish. 


Fig.  119. 


NO.  120.— PRUNING  SAWS. 


We  have  these  of  various  shapes. 
The  annexed  cut  represents  the  oue 
in  common  use. 


Fig.  120. 


APPENDIX. 
NO.  121.— FORCE  PUMPS. 


101 


It  is  a  well-known  fact  in  science, 
that  water  can  be  raised  by  suc- 
tion bul  thirty-two  or  thirty-three 
feet.  To  overcome  this  difficulty, 
and  raise  water  to  any  required 
height  at  a  cheap  rate,  the  lifting 
or  force  pomp  has  been  so  simplified 
as  to  be  afforded  as  l,,w  as  the  or- 
dinary suction-pump  Pig.  121  of 
the  annexed  cut  represents  the 
pump  placed  in  the  well  as  a  suc- 
tion pump,  within  thirty-two  feet 
of  the  water,  with  its  air-chamber 
and  forcing  pipe  attached,  and  the 
lifting-rod  lengthened,  connecting 
the  handle  and  piston.  Fig.  122 
represents  the  pump  in  a  compact 
shape,  as  sold  from  the  manufac- 
tory. 


FlG-  121.  Fig.  122. 

NO.  123.— GARDEN  HOES. 


Fig.  125, 


These  hoes  are  very  serviceable  in 
the  various  departments  of  IWticul- 
B    ture. 


Fig.  126. 


Fig.  127.      Fig.  12Î 


10*2 


NO.  129.— PROGRESSIVE  POWER  PRESS. 


Fig.  1  is  a  side  view  of  the  Progressive  Power  Press  in  operation. 

Fig  2  is  an  end  view,  with  the  follower  up.  and  pushed  aside,  and  the  box  ready 
for  filling.  These  presses  are  a  most  convenient  power  for  baling  dry  goods, 
paper,  cotton,  flax,  hemp,  rags.  hay.  wool,  dbc.  <fcc,  and  are  coming  into  general  use 
for  these  purposes. 


APPENDIX. 

NO.  130.— CORN-SHELLER. 


103 


^ 


dBâr» 


V 

Fig.  130  represents  our  Wooden-box  Corn-sheller  with  iron  hopper.  They  will 
shell  from  100  to  200  bushels  per  day,  with  one  hand.  These  Shellers  are  very 
much  used  in  the  South,  the  hoppers  being  made  large,  to  receive  the  large 
Southern  corn. 

NO.  131.— PRUNING  AND  BUDDING  KNIVES. 


Figs  2,  3,  and  4  are  heavy-made,  convenient  knives,  for  pruning  young  tr« 
Fig.  1  is  a  perfect  instrument  for  budding:  it  »huts  up,  like  a  common  knife,  for 
the  pocket.     Attached  to  the  end  of  the  handle  is  a  thin  flat  ivory  slip,  to  loosen 
the  bark  to  receive  the  bud. 


104 


NO.  132.— ROLLERS. 


These  instruments  are  fast  coming  into  general  use,  and  are  of  great  utility  for 
pressing  the  earth  about  the  seed,  thereby  insuring  a  more  speedy  germination, 
:is  also  in  preparing  the  surface  for  reaping  or  mowing  instruments,  by  producing' a 
perfectly  level  surface.  On  sandy  soil  they  are  invaluable.  No.  132  represents 
the  Iron  Cylinder  Roller  manufactured  by  us.  It  is  composed  of  separate  sections, 
of  a  foot  in  length,  turning  independently  of  each  other  on  a  wrought-iron  shaft. 
They  can  be  used  with  from  three  to  six  sections.  The  box  is  of  wood,  made  to 
increase  the  weight,  or  as  a  deposit  for  stones,  <fcc,  picked  up  in  crossing  the  field 
We  make  them  of  all  weights  and  sizes. 


No.  133.— CHAIN  PUMPS. 


This  pump  combines  four  areat  requi- 
sites— simplicity  of  construction,  ease  in 
working,  economy,  and  impossibility  of 
freezing  in  winter.  It  work*  admirably 
for  any  depth  under  26  feet.  It  is 
highly  praised  by  all  who  have  given 
it  a  trial. 


APPENDIX. 

No.  134.— GARDEN  ENGINE. 


105 


No.  134  represents  a  superior  Garden  Engine.  It  can  be  moved  and  managed 
by  one  man,  for  all  the  purposes  of  its  intention,  as  easily  as  a  wheel-barrow,  and 
■will  be  found  highly  useful  in  not  only  supplying  Gardens  and  Nurseries  with 
regular  showers  in  times  <if  drought,  but  also  for  showering  Trees  and  Plants,  and 
for  the  destruction  of  Worms,  which  mav  be  made  eftecrual  by  an  admixture  of 
Sulphur  with  the  water.  For  washing  side-walks,  also,  and  windows,  and  for  the 
extinguishment  of  ores,  it  presents  additional  claim-;  and,  rightly  considered, 
may  be  regarded  as  a  most  indispensable  article  of  usefulness  and  security.  The 
1»'X  will  contain  about  50  gallons  of  water,  and  is  placed  on  cast  iron  wheels,  with 
handles,  as  represented  in  the  cut 

No.  135.— EMERY'S  MOWER  AND  REAPER 

The  accompanying  en<jravin£s  represent  the  general  construction  and  principle 
details  of  an  invention  of  H.  L.  E.meey,  of  a  Reaping  and  Mowing  Machine,  com- 
bined in  one.  Its  main  features  will  appear  from  the  cu'i  and  descriptions.  As 
vail  readily  be  seen,  it  is  provided  with  a  driver's  seat  and  wheels,  independent  of 
the  machine  itself,  but  attached  by  hinges  iu  such  a  manner  as  to  allow  any  easy 


106 


APPENDIX. 


action  and  adjustment,  while  this  method  does  away  entirely  with  all  the  side 
draft.  The  machine  itself  is  provided  with  a  large  main  wheel,  being  about  forty 
inches  in  diameter  and  eight  inches  face,  with  the  necessary  projections  on  its  sur- 
face. This  wheel  is  ca^t  with  an  internal  gearing  at  one  side  of  the  spokes,  the 
teeth  of  which  are  protected  from  dirt,  and  strengthened,  by  a  deep  flange  of  nearly 
three  inches.  Themain  frame  is  suspended  from  this  wheel,  by  means  <>f  adjustable 
pinion  boxes,  the  boxes  being  hung  inside  of  hangers  attached  to  the  frame  itself 

The  frame  itself  may  be 
raised  or  lowered  to  any 
desired  point,  by  mean-  of 
sliding  boxes  inside  the  cir- 
cular bangers,  where  it  is 
confined  by  a  simple  iron 
key.  Hie  motion  of  the 
cutlers  is  obtained  by  the 
connecting  rod,  passing 
along  the  outside  of  the 
tame  to  the  fore  end,  where 
it  connects  with  an  elbow 
or  knee  iron.  The  other 
end  of  the  elbow  extends 
I  h  rough  to  the  front  of  the 
main  frame,  and  i-<  confined 
m  position  by  a  heavy,  sub- 
stantial bed-plate  of  iron. 


This  cut  represents  a 
transverse  section  of  the 
iron  ßnger  bar,  with  a  sec- 
tion cif  the  cutter  bar,  cut- 
to,  and  dividers.  B  re- 
presents the  cutter  bar,  to 
which  the  steel  blades  are 
attached  on  its  under  side, 
the  bevel  of  t  lie  blades  be- 
ing upon  the  upper  side 
and  sickle  edge.  These 
blades  also  extend  back  of 
the  cutter  bar,  but  not  to  a  point,  as  forward.  The  edges  of  this  rear  part  are 
same  as  forward  the  cutter  bar,  and  serve  to  cut  and  clear  all  the  "clog"  or  fibre 
which  may  possibly  escape  the  forward  cut,  and  become  drawn  into  the  dividers. 
D  represents  a  section  of  the  crank  axle,  which  extends  through  the  hollow  finger 
bar,  and  supports  its  outer  end.  C  represents  the  finger  bar  with  attachments.  A 
represents  the  divider,  showing  the  openings  and  guides  through  which  the  cutters 
pass.     This  divider  is  made  very  true,  with  sharp  corners,  over  which  the  cutters 

12 


APPENDIX. 


107 


pass,  forming  a  perfect  shears-cutting  action.  These  dividers  are  wider  than  on 
most  other  machines,  thus  protecting  the  cutters  from  being  injured  by  stones  get- 
ting between  them,  (the  Bpacea  being  less  than  two  inches,)  and  compressing  the 
grass  or  grain  into  a  more  dense  body  while  being  cut;  the  divider  tilting  round 
the  under  Bide,  forming  a  strong  tubular  finger  bar. 

Through  this  finger  bar  a  .shaft  is  passed,  and  at  its  extreme  end  it  is  turned 
at  right  angles  to  the  rear  of  the  beam  about  two  feet,  and  a  castor  wheel  attached 
to  its  rear  end  to  support  the  miter  end  of  the  bar — thus  forming  a  crank  shaft,  or 
axle,  as  seen  at  D.  At  the  inner  end  of  this  shaft  is  attached  an  iron  crank  or 
lever  about  three  feet  long,  extending  upward  with  a  strap  or  chain  attached  to  it. 
This  strap  extends  along  the  main  lever  to  the  driver's  seat,  and  is  controlled  at 
pleasure  by  the  driver.  This  main  lever,  which  is  seen  passing  the  driver's  seat, 
is  made  permanent,  to  the  machine  itself,  and  is  kept  in  any  position,  or  elevation 
desired,  by  means  of  an  upright  post  beside  the  seat,  with  a  scries  of  catches  and 

latch.  The  whole  machine 
containing  but  one  gear  and 
pinion,  and  that  an  internal 
one,  with  the  frame  itself  so 
suspended  upon  the  axis  of  the 
main  wheel,  as  to  be  elevated 
and  depressed  at  pleasure,  a 
horizontal  or  inclined  (forward 
or  back)  position  of  the  whole 
machine,  at  whatever  elevation 
used,  can  instantly  be  attained, 
and  retaining  the  cutting  works 
in  proper  position.  In  reaping, 
an  apron  or  movable  platii  mi  is 
used,  being  made  with  a  .strong 
frame  work  and  light  covering 
of  wood  and  tin.  The  raker 
stands  erect,  face  forward,  di- 
rectly behind  it.  The  delivery 
is  at  one  side,  and  has  a  slight 
elevation  above  the  cutters, 
about  two  inches  above  the 
stubble,  and  is  over  four  feet 
wide.  The  engravings  here 
represent  both  Reaper  and 
Mower  as  being  drawn  by  a 
forward  axle  and  wheels,  with 
driver's  seat,  as  this  arrange- 
ment is  chiefly  to  obviate  the 
side  draft  on  the  horses  in  cut- 
ting heavy  grass  and  grain. 
They  may,  at  the  same  time, 
and  often  are,  more  conveni- 
ently used  without  the  for- 
ward wheels  ;  as  where  the 
grass  or  grain  is  light,  fields 
small  or  very  uneven  surface, 
as  a  simple  tongue  is  all  that 
is  required,  permitting  the 
horses    to  be  hitched    closely 

up  to   the  machine    itself  as 

! 

less  room  and  time  is  required  in  turning. 


o 


108  MAYIIER    4    CO'S    CATALOGUE    OF 


DOMESTIC   ANIMALS. 

Breeding  animals  can  be  furnished  by  us,  in  all  their  varieties, 
from  the  best  stocks  in  the  country.  All  orders  should  be  sent  a 
reasonable  time  in  advance  of  the  fall  months,  to  give  us  time  to 
select  and  get  the  stock  in  proper  condition  for  shipping  South.  The 
fall  months  are  the  proper  season  for  shipping,  as  the  animals 
become  acclimated  much  sooner  than  when  sent  out  in  the  spring. 

Among  CATTLE,  for  either  beef  or  milking,  we  would  recom- 
mend the  Durham.  They  can  be  sent  South  from  six  months  to 
sixteen  months  old.  Good  animals  range  in  price  from  $100  to 
$200. 

SHEEP. — Fine  wooled  Saxons  can  be  furnished — Ewes  from  $5 
to  $15  ;  Bucks,  from  $15  to  $30.  Their  fleeces  are  smaller  than 
the  Merino,  but  much  finer.  Merinos  can  be  furnished  at  all  prices. 
Rambouiletts,  from  $50  to  $150.  Native  Merinoes,  from  $5  to 
$40  each.     South  Downs,  for  mutton,  from  $15  to  $25  each. 

SWINE. — The  breed  most  in  favor  for  shipping  South  is  the 
Berkshire.  These,  with  many  other  varieties,  we  can  furnish  at 
from  $20  to  $30  a  pair.  They  should  be  shipped  at  from  four  to 
six  months  old. 


IMPLEMENTS    AND    SEED9. 


109 


GRASSES  AND  CLOVERS. 


Blue  Grass 

Herds  Grass,  or  Red  Top 

Luoerne 

Orchard  Grass 

White  Clover. 


Ray  Grass 
Red  Clover 
Tall  Oat  Grass 
Timothy 


In  GARDEN  SEED  our  assortment  is  complete,  as  will  be  seen  by 
the  following  list: 


TURNIP,  Early  Flat  Dutch  or  Spring 

Early  Snowball 

Early  Red  Top  Flat 

Early  Garden  Stone 

Red  and  White  Top  Strap-leaf 

Large  Flat 

Large  English  Norfolk 

Pomeranian  White  Globe 

Long  White,  or  Cow-horn 

Long  Tankard,  or  Hanover 

Yellow  Stone,  or  Orange 

Yellow  Aberdeen,  or  Bullock 

Long  Yellow  French 

Purple-top  Kuta  Baga 
MELON,  Green  Citron 

Nutmeg 

Pine  Apple 

Skillmau's  Fine  Netted 

Persian 

Large  Yellow  Cantaloup 

Large  Musk 

Long  Island  Water 

Mountain  Sprout 

Citron  Water,  for  preserves 
LETTUCE,  Early  Curled  Silesia 

Early  White  Cabbage 

Brown  Duich 

Large  Green  Head 

Fine  Imperial  Cabbage 

Brown  Silesia  Head 

Large  India 

Butter,  or  Summer 

Ice  Coss 

Paris  Green  Coss 

Fine  Mixed  Lettuces 
CABBAGE.  Early  York  or  June 

Early  French  Oxheart 

Early  Sugar-loaf 

Early  Flat  Battersea 

Large  York 

Large  Drumhead  Winter 


CABBAGE— continued  : 

Large  Flat  Dutch 

Large  Bergen,  or  American 

St.  Denis  Drumhead 

True  Green  Glazed 

Green  Globe  Savoy 

Fine  Drumhead  Savoy 

Red  Dutch 

Kohl  Rabbi 
ENGLISH  BEANS,  Windsor 

Early  Lout;  Pod. 
DWARF  BEANS,  Early  China 

Early  Valentine 

Early  Yellow  Six  Weeks 

Early  Mohawk 

Large  White  Kidney 

Refugee,  or  Thousand  to  One. 
POLE  BEANS,  Dutch  Case  Knife 

Horticultural  Cranberry 

Large  Lima 

Saba  or  Carolina  Lima 

Scarlet  Runner 

White  Dutch  Runner 

Red  and  White  Cranberry 
BEET,  Best  Early  Blood  Turnip 

Early  Yellow  Turnip 

Early  Scarcity 

Long  Blood  Red 

Smooth  Long  Dark  Blood 

White  Sugar 

Mangel  Wurtzel 
PEAS,  Early  Warwick 

Early  Frame  or  June 

Early  Washington 

Early  Charlton 

Early  Double  Blossom 

Dwarf  Blue  Imperial 

Large  While  Marrowfat 

Dwarf  Marrowfat 

Green  Marrowfat 


110 


ARTICHOKE.  Green  Globe 
ASPARAGUS,  Giant 
BROCOLI.  Early  White 
Early  Purple 

Large  Purple  Cape 

White  Cape,  or  Cauliflower 

Cbappell's  New  Cream  Colored 
BRÜSSELS  SPROUTS 
CAULIFLOWER,  Early  London 

Large  Late 
CARROT,  Early  Horn 

Long  Orange 

Altringbam 

Large  M  lute  Field 
CELERY.  White  Sulid 

New  Silver  Giant 

Large  Manchester  Red 
COLE  WORTH,  or  Collarda 
CORN   SALAD,  or  Eetticus 
CRESS,  Curled,  or  Peppergrass 

Broad  Leaf 

Water,  or  Winter 
CUCUMBER,  Earlv  Frame 

Early  Cluster 

Earlv  White  Spine  (verv  fine) 

Short  Prick  y 

London  Long  Green 

Extra  Long  Green  Turkey 

Gherkin,  or  West  India 
EGG    PLANT.  Purple 
ENDIVE.  Green  Curled 

Broad  Leaved  Batavia 
CORN,  Sweet  or  Sugar 

Early  Tuscarora 

Early  U  bite  Flint 
KALE*  Green  Curled  Scotch 

Sea 
LEEK.  Large  Scotch  cr  Flag 

London 
MUSTARD,  White  or  English 


MUSTARD,  Brown 
NASTURTIUM 

ONH  >N.  Wether.-fi.eld,  Large  Red 

Yellow  Dutch 

Yellow  Sliver  Skin 

White  Portugal 
OKRA.  Green  ami  White 
PARSLEY,  Plain  or  Common 

Curled,  "i   1  ).n.hle 
PARSNIP,  Long  Smooth 
PEPPER.  Cherry 

Long,  01  Caj  enne 

Toinato-.-haped.  or  Squash 

Large  Bull-nose 

Large  Sweel  Spanish 
PUMPKIN,  Connecticut  Field 

Large  Ch<  •    •  ^*  . 

RADISH,  Wood's  Early  Frame 

Earlv  Short-top  Lung  Scarlet 

Long  Sal  in«  »n 

Earl)  Scarlet  Turnip 

White  Turnip 

Yellow  Turnip 

Black  Pall  Spanish 
RAPE,  for  Greens 
RHUBARB,  Early  Tobolsk 

MyattVi  Victoria 
SPINACH.  Round  or  Summer 

Prickly  or  Fall 
SALSIFY,  or  Vegetable  Oyster 
SQUASH.  Early  Yellow  Bush  Scollop 

Early.  White  Bush  Scollop 

Early  Bush  Summer  Crookneck 

Green  S  riped   Bergen" 

Fall,  or  Winter  Crookneck 

Autumnal    Marrow 

Lima  C<  Coauut 
TOMATO,  Lurge  Smooth,  Red 

Large  Yellow 

Small  Yellow 


